Biodiversity Of Macrofungi In Shandong Province

The catalogue of macrofungi, mycobiota, relationship between species diversity and different vegetation type in Shandong province were studied in the present thesis, as well as the evaluation of endangered species and conservation.A total of2086macrofungi specimens were collected, and435were identified. They are belonging to2phylumes,6classes,20orders,64families and166genera. Among them,123species were edible,90species were medicinal, and2species were poisonous. Two new species were discovered, as well as12were species new to China and286species were new to Shandong province. The species catalogue was arranged according to the taxonomic system of<Dictionary of the Fungi (10th edition,2008)>.As for the mycobiota,10dominant families with more than12species are18.75%to the total family number, and270species belonging to the dominant family which contributes62.06%to the total species number. There were Agaricaceae, Amanitaceae, Marasmiaceae, Polyporaceae, Mycenaceae, Strophariaceae, Boletaceae, Tricholomataceae, Psathyrellaceae, Inocybaceae, Russulaceae and Entolomataceae. The number of temprate genera is53, which contributes31.92%to the total genera number; and the number of temperate species is150, contributes34%to the total species number. The mycobiota of macrofungi is of distinct north temperate character, although other elements of mycobiota also exist. It is suggested that the mycobiota in Shandong province is diverse, however, is dominant by Norht temperate elements. The mycobiota in Shandong province shares high similarity with South Korea, which indicates that the close relationship for the origin of macrofungi. The similarity of mycobiota between Shandong and Northern, Central and Northeastern China were also observed respectively, which indicates that the diverse origin of mycobiota in Shandong province.The relationship of mycobiota and vegetation type were studied, and it was suggested that1) the diversity indexes of A1and A2vegetated area were higher than others among four vegetated type in Shandong province. The climate of Shandong Peninsula as well as Central and Southern Shandong is subject to ocean influences, with plenty of rain, dense vegetation and complex and changeable vegetation type, which contribute to the high diversity indexes in these areas. The climate of south-west, north-west Shandong belong to the inland, with lack of rain, artificial forest and saline vegetation, which contributes to the less diversity index of macrofungi species, but the species distribution were more even.2) The ratio of mycobiota in different vegetations correlated positively with such ratio of plants. Such a result indicated that composition of mycobiota correlated with the composition of plant flora.3) The key area for the conservation of macrofungi was determined by the comprehensive analysis of species diversity, species evenness, endangering evaluation and evaluation of conservation priority. It was indicated that the hill vegetation in Shandong peninsula, and mountain-hill vegetation type in South-central Shandong were the key area for the conservation of macrofungi.The evaluation and conservation of endangered species of macrofungi in Shandong were studied, and the result showed that edible and medicinal fungi were123and90species, respectively. The wild commercial fungi were60species among them. The evaluation system of endangered grade and conservation priority of macrofungi was established according to the evaluation of conservation priority in other biological groups and to its biological and ecological characteristics of macrofungi. The object weight of evaluation level was established according to the combination method of analytic hierarchy process (AHP) and expert consultation. The evaluation standard of endangered grade and protection level of macrofungi of Shandong province was established. The endangering degree and the priority for conservation of175species were evaluated by the system. The results showed that4are endangered species,34are vulnerable species,74are lower risk species,63are safety species; and7species belonged to the first class conservation,25species belonged to the second,33species belonged to the third and110species belonged to delayed conservation. Such a result provided scientific base for the efficient conservation of macrofungi in this area.The core collection of the key Fungal resources was established by a case study of Ganoderma in Shandong. Based on Bayes analysis and nucleotide polymorphism analysis, the heterogeneity of genetic diversity of Ganoderma were evaluated. The results showed that4species were existed in Shandong, namely G. sichuanense, G. lucidum, G. australe and G. ramosissimum. The core collection of Ganoderma was established by composing the following strains:G. australe (110901-10), G. ramosissimum (100622-3,100702), G. lucidum (110825-28,110903-14) and G. sichuanense (100723-54,090711,090724,120830-23,120819-5,110830-24).