Research On The Architectural Characteristics Of The Catholic Church In Vicariatus Apostolicus Of Northern Shandong

After the Opium War in 1840,China entered a semi colonial and semi feudal society and the Chinese architecture entered a modern period.The process of modernization was started.Shandong Province was an important area of Western Catholicism spreading in China.There was a record about Catholic church construction in the 17 th century.Catholic missionary activities were uninterrupted.In order to manage the academic affairs of Shandong Province effectively,the Vatican established Shandong Vicariatus Apostolicus in October,1839.Vicariatus Apostolicus of Northern Shandong was derived from Shandong Vicariatus Apostolicus in December,1885,including Jinan Fu as the Shandong administrative center,Wuding Fu,Dongchang Fu,Tai'an Fu and Linqing Prefecture.The social and cultural information of Modern Shandong is reflected and the development history of the integration of modern Chinese and Western cultures in Shandong Province is recorded in the construction and development of the Catholic Church in Vicariatus Apostolicus of Northern Shandong.The Catholic church building in Vicariatus Apostolicus of Northern Shandong is taken as the research object in the paper.Its historical evolution,distribution status,architectural groups and individual characteristics are studied systematically and deeply so as to fill the gap in the research on the church buildings of Modern Shandong and even Modern China.The paper is divided into five chapters.In the first chapter,the research background,purpose and significance of the paper are discussed.The research scope is defined,the existing domestic and foreign research results are combed and the research content,methods and framework of the paper are elaborated after defining the relevant concept.The Catholic missionary process and architectural activities in Vicariatus Apostolicus of Northern Shandong are studied in the second chapter.The missionary process and architecturalactivities of the Catholic Franciscans in Vicariatus Apostolicus of Northern Shandong are introduced briefly.The historical background of the formation of Vicariatus Apostolicus of Northern Shandong is combed.The architectural distribution of the Catholic Church in Vicariatus Apostolicus of Northern Shandong is summarized.The fifteen well-preserved Catholic churches of Vicariatus Apostolicus of Northern Shandong are taken as the research object in the paper.The location and layout of the Catholic Church complex in Vicariatus Apostolicus of Northern Shandong are studied in the third chapter.In terms of the location type,the fifteen Catholic churches are divided into conventional Catholic churches and special Catholic churches.The relationship between buildings and streets as well as the internal layout of buildings is analyzed and the corresponding type characteristics are obtained.Finally,the concept of church community is taken as a starting point to analyze the development process of different church buildings and summarize its positive role in the local social urbanization process.The architectural characteristics of the Catholic Church in Vicariatus Apostolicus of Northern Shandong are studied in the fourth chapter.The characteristics of the Catholic Church in Vicariatus Apostolicus of Northern Shandong are summarized from the aspects of church grade and scale,architectural orientation,plane form,facade style,internal space,external space,structural system,detailed structure and decoration.The formation factors of the building characteristics of the Catholic Church in Vicariatus Apostolicus of Northern Shandong are analyzed in the last chapter.The formation factors of the building characteristics of the Catholic Church in Vicariatus Apostolicus of Northern Shandong are combed from the two aspects of natural and cultural factors.The internal information with the characteristics of architectural skin is further explored.In the paper,the architectural characteristics of the Catholic Church in Vicariatus Apostolicus of Northern Shandong are studied.In theory,it fills in the gap of the research on the Catholic Church in Shandong Province and even in the whole country and improves the genealogy of the research on the Catholic Church in Shandong Province at the same time.Moreover,it provides material and cases for the research on the architectural history of Modern Shandong and even Modern China as well as the research on the Catholic missionary history of Shandong and even China.In practice,it provides a physical sample of value evaluation for the protection on the architectural heritage of Modern Shandong.It alsoprovides the academic guidance for the practice of heritage protection and repairment.In addition,it provides a case reference for the regional embodiment of contemporary religious architecture creation.