Research On Efficient Energy-Saving And Adaptive Routing Protocol For Underwater Sensor Networks

As human society’s curiosity in the exploration and utilization of marine resources has grown in recent years,Underwater Sensor Networks(UWSNs),a distinct type of Wireless Sensor Networks(WSNs),have a vital part to play in underwater surveillance.UWSNs are wireless self-assembled networks consisting of a large number of sensor nodes,which transmit data between them mainly via acoustic waves.Research into the routing protocol,a key technology for UWSNs,has become a highly sought-after subject of current study.Compared with ground WSNs,the topology of UWSNs is more complex,the node dynamics is stronger,the node battery replacement is difficult,the underwater node locating is difficult,the underwater acoustic link is extremely prone to errors,and the data transmission delay is large.Based on the above characteristics,ground WSNs routing protocols cannot be directly used in UWSNs,and how to design an efficient and energy-saving routing protocol has become a challenge for UWSNs research.In this paper,the challenges faced by UWSNs routing protocols are investigated in depth,and the research work mainly includes low cost and high accuracy node location algorithms and efficient and energy-saving routing protocol design.(1)Research on node location algorithm with low cost and high accuracy.At present,UWSNs routing protocol mainly forwards data based on the depth or 3D location of nodes.It is easy to obtain depth information with low cost,but the performance of routing protocols is lower.On the contrary,better performance can be obtained by using 3D location information,but getting 3D location is relatively difficult and costly.And in the research of using 3D location for routing,most of them only assume that the 3D location of the node is known,and do not conduct in-depth research on its location method.This paper proposes a Distance Vector-Hop location algorithm,based on double weighted distance estimation and improved particle swarm optimization,to achieve a balance between cost and accuracy of location methods and is used in the UWSNs routing protocol.By employing the double weighted distance estimation method,the algorithm initially reduces the distance estimation error between the unknown and beacon nodes.Subsequently,the upgraded particle swarm optimization algorithm is employed to ascertain the position,thereby diminishing the likelihood of the algorithm settling into the local optimum,thus attaining more precise positioning.Simulation results show that the localization algorithm in this paper has low positioning errors in a variety of scenarios.(2)Design of efficient and energy-saving UWSNs routing protocol.Considering the energy expenditure that is not balanced and the energy that is restricted in underwater sensor networks(UWSNs),energy consumption balanced and energy-saving adaptive underwater routing protocol,ECBES,is proposed.Firstly,a dual-region non-uniform hierarchical topology is constructed.Secondly,based on the energy consumption balance factor,the node forwarding priority is calculated by using the topology and node residual energy,so as to realize adaptive forwarding node selection to balance the networks energy consumption.At the same time,the sub optimal candidate forwarding region is determined by the proportion of nodes participating in forwarding packets in each sub region of the candidate forwarding region.Then,the sub optimal candidate forwarding region is taken as the initial strategy,and the optimal candidate forwarding region is determined by using the idea of strategy iteration.While ensuring the delivery rate,duplicate packets are significantly reduced in different network scales,the networks’ total energy consumption is diminished.The simulation results show that compared with VBF,ES-VBF and ALRP,ECBES has the lowest node mortality under different number of nodes,and the lowest energy consumption while ensuring the packet delivery rate.Finally,ECBES is extended to the multi-sink scenario.A multi-region topology is built.And data transmission between regions is balanced by cross-region factors.The simulation results show that the extended ECBES can still achieve good performance in the multi-sink scenario.