Analysis Of The Impact Of Urban Spatial Form On Residents’ Carbon Emissions In The Yellow River Basin

The relationship between urban spatial form and residential energy consumption and carbon emissions is a classic topic of urban geography.However,existing research has put forward two completely different views: "the more compact,the lower carbon emissions" and "the more compact,the higher carbon emissions".Population growth and contraction,as well as heterogeneity in residential energy use structure,may be important lenses for exploring the paradox of compact cities.For cities with different types of spatial growth,the mechanisms of spatial form may differ in terms of their impact on residential energy use and carbon emissions.Therefore,investigating the impact characteristics of spatial form on residential carbon emissions for cities with different spatial growth types has important implications for improving the theory of low-carbon spatial planning in cities and enriching low-carbon urban practices.Based on the land use and socio-economic data of the Yellow River Basin in 2000,2005,2010,2015,and 2020,landscape indices are used to measure changes in urban spatial form,and the carbon emission coefficient method is used to calculate carbon emissions from different residential energy consumption structures.Considering the characteristics of urban population growth and contraction from 2000 to 2020,the impact of two types of urban spatial forms on the total and structural carbon emissions of residents was explored.The results show that:(1)The four dimensions of spatial form in 79 cities experienced significant changes between 2000 and 2020.With 2015 as the dividing point,the number of urban patches(NP)showed a trend of first increasing and then decreasing,the degree of urban landscape fragmentation improved,urban development expanded by merging existing built-up areas,and urban land use became more continuous.The largest patch index(LPI)showed an upward trend,and urban construction land development was mainly focused on expanding in the central urban areas.Urban spatial form complexity(SHAPE＿AM)showed an increasing trend,and the expansion of construction land on the edge of cities became increasingly irregular.Urban compactness(PLADJ)showed a fluctuating upward trend.In the early stage of development,the land use of contracting cities showed a state of disorderly expansion,and unreasonable urban development planning caused the complexity of the shape of built-up areas to continuously increase.In contrast,growing cities showed a significant increase in urban spatial form complexity in the later stages.(2)Between 2000 and 2020,the total direct carbon emissions from urban residents showed an overall upward trend,with emissions increasing from 37.0746 million tons in 2000 to 153.6802 million tons in 2020.Carbon emissions from urban residents’ electricity use,gas consumption,heating,and transportation have also shown a continuous upward trend,and the structure of carbon emissions from residents has shifted from gas-dominated to electricity-dominated.Among them,the growth rate of carbon emissions from urban residents’ electricity use was the fastest,with an average annual growth rate of 10.86%.The proportion of carbon emissions from transportation by urban residents has slowly increased,and carbon emissions from private car travel have grown the fastest,with an average annual growth rate of 14.73%.The proportion of carbon emissions from centralized heating has always been at the lowest level.The carbon emissions of residents in the Yellow River Basin gradually increase from upstream to downstream,with high-value areas mainly concentrated in growing cities with relatively good economic development downstream and shrinking cities with abundant fossil energy in the middle reaches.(3)Urban spatial form fragmentation(NP)and complexity(SHAPE＿AM)are important factors that contribute to the increase in carbon emissions from urban residents,and there are significant differences in carbon emissions among cities of different types and energy use structures.Compared with other energy use emissions,urban spatial form fragmentation(NP)and complexity(SHAPE＿AM)have a greater impact on carbon emissions from residential heating.For different types of cities,the positive impact of NP and SHAPE＿AM on carbon emissions from urban residents is stronger in growing cities.These two factors have a relatively small impact on carbon emissions from residents in shrinking cities.In fact,in shrinking cities,urban spatial form fragmentation(NP)can even help reduce carbon emissions from residential electricity use.(4)The largest patch index(LPI)and urban compactness(PLADJ)have significant differences in their impact on carbon emissions among cities of different types and energy use structures.LPI has a significant positive impact on total carbon emissions from urban residents,as well as on carbon emissions from residential electricity and transportation.An increase in the proportion of central urban areas in the city landscape leads to an increase in carbon emissions.Among cities of different types,LPI has a stronger impact on growing cities.In shrinking cities,LPI has a suppressive effect on carbon emissions from residential heating,as an increase in the area of the city’s central core can help integrate heating resources and reduce carbon emissions from heating.PLADJ only has a suppressive effect on the total carbon emissions from urban residents in growing cities.An increase in the connectivity of construction land improves land use efficiency and promotes population concentration,thereby forming a more compact urban pattern that helps reduce carbon emissions.PLADJ has a positive promoting effect on carbon emissions from residential gas,transportation,and heating,and is more significant in shrinking cities.This study considers the heterogeneity of urban population growth and contraction as well as residential energy use structure,analyzes the impact of urban spatial form on energy-related carbon emissions of two types of cities,and explores spatial optimization modes for carbon reduction of urban residents,providing a theoretical and practical foundation for sustainable urban research.