Retarding Effects Research Of Border Tourism

The research on the retarding effect of border tourism originates from the contradiction between the major opportunity for the development of border tourism and the sluggish development.This is the contrast between the strategic extension of the country's "the Belt and Road" interconnection and the reality of passing through faithfulyl but not smoothly of border tourism.Literature reviews also show that bilateral cooperation on border tourism,resistance to border tourism and the construction of the theory of border tourism have become hotspots of tourism in the border,especially the issue of border tourism resistance.Using the methods of climbing model,gravity model,location quotient,competitive state,tourism background trend line,Grainger causality,traffic superiority,the paper studies the "retarding effect" of border tourism and the passing through faithfully but not smoothly in reality.Firstly,the paper studies the composition of border tourism system.Border tourism refers to the tourism activities that occur in a specific area of the border of a country.In nature,border tourism relies on the core attractions of the national borders and aims at experiencing the atmosphere of border differentiation.Border tourism is therefore the third form of tourism between domestic and international tourism.As a special tourism system,border tourism is made up of the origin,destination,border passage,tourism flow.The border tourism system has three major effects: one is the agglomeration effect that the border attracts the flow of tourism,another is the diffusion effect that the border promotes the extension of the tourist flow,the third is the retarding effect that the border hinders the flow of tourism.The retarding effect reveals the movement law of the border tourist flow more accurately.Secondly,the paper studies the connotation of the retarding effect of border tourism.The retarding effect of border tourism refers to the filtering,lagging and impeding effect of the diversion of tourist flows under the state of incomplete opening of thenational border.In terms of connotation,the retarding effect is generated when the national border is not completely open.The border of the country has a retarding effect on the spatial movement of the tourist flow,and there are differences in the extent of the blockade of the national border to the tourist flow.It is divided into high block,moderate block,low block in different degrees;It is divided into personnel block,vehicle block,items block in different contents.The main factors of retarding effect of border tourism include political,economic,cultural and security aspects.The negative effects of the blockade effect on border tourism include traffic congestion,tourism economy fluctuation and tourism transmission weakened.Thirdly,the paper studies the action mechanism of border tourism retarding effect.Summarize the influence factors of border tourism,the retarding effect of border tourism depends on the interaction of the driving force of tourism(internal need of tourism,attraction of external tourism),tourism friction(perception at the micro level,facilities at the middle level and policies at the macroscopic level),border support forces(channel hardware and software conditions),system self-gravity(scale and quality of tourist flow,etc.).Block effect is produced in the course of the development of border tourism.Border tourism development forces are in the same direction of driving forces,but in the different direction of the stopping force;border tourism is still under development but the development is limited when driving force is greater than the blocking force;border tourism slowed down or even stopped when the driving force is less than or equal to the blocking force.Thus three kinds of collection and distribution patterns are formed : Immigration,one-way cross-border,and two-way cross-border.Parallel force and vertical force are the direct and indirect motivation of retarding force,which the fluctuation of the block force is under the joint action of the two.Under the influence of block effect,three conduction effects are easy to happen: the border is not politically open;the border economy is unevenly;and the border has not been developed.Fourthly,the paper studies the retarding effects of border tourism empirically.Yunnan Province is a representative province of border tourism in China,which hasthe background of long border,numerous border crossings,settlement of ethnic minorities,and low level of border development.The study of location quotient shows that: Dehong,Xishuangbanna and Honghe being at the first level;Wenshan and Baoshan being at the second leve;Nujiang,Lincang and Pu'er being at the third level.The trend of tourism background shows that Yunnan's border tourism has a large fluctuation.Reasons of the high volatility of the border tourism in Yunnan Province and imbalance of regional development include: the first one is sudden incident(such as border policy,bilateral relations,the political and economic situation);the second one is the border trade(the positive role of border trade on the border tourism is obvious,while the impact of border tourism on the border trade is not obvious);the third one is accessibility of the traffic(Accessibility to border city is bad).The comprehensive measurement of the extended gravity model shows that the blocking effect of Yunnan's border tourism is remarkable,which means domestic tourists in border areas of Yunnan is about 120 times of inbound tourism;The national policy has the strongest impact on the development of border tourism,which means the higher China's economic freedom relative to overseas countries,the stronger positive role in inbound tourism.The level of national economic development obviously supports the development of border tourism.Other factors such as attractions and foreign trade have a positive driving force on border tourism.The existing transport facilities have low support for border inbound tourism.Finally,the paper studies the regulation of the border tourism retarding effect.Controlling the retardation effect of border tourism can weaken the effect of blockade(learning from the Upper Rhine border),expand the effect of agglomeration(learning from North America)and strengthen the diffusion effect(successful experience of Yunnan tourism).The main body of block effect regulation includes the central government(to create the environment,long-term planning,infrastructure),the local government(development resources,basic support,marketing propaganda),and the businesses(facilities,information,cognitive communication,accommodation and communication).It is suggested to control the blocking effect of Yunnan's bordertourism from the following aspects: Enhance the driving forces(cross-border resource utilization,border landscape optimization,domestic and overseas coordination,bilateral industrial cooperation,and public sharing of achievements),increase support(cross-border tourism cooperation zones and border tourism pilot zones)and reduce retardation(delegate certificate in different places,relax line examination and approval,facilitate port customs clearance,guarantee safety rescue).