State Socialization,government Governance Pressure,and NGOs’ Policy Participation In Global Marine Governance

A multi-level governance system centered on the United Nations has formed in Global marine governance.Governance is carried out at global,regional,national and local levels,and governance at different levels influences each other.In such a field,this study focuses on NGO’s policy participation in global marine governance,and explores the external factors of the political system that affect NGO’s policy participation,as well as the process and mechanism.This study selects a typical case of the participation of Ecology Action Centre in Canadian marine governance,discusses the process how its policy participation space changes,and explores the mechanism how government governance pressure emerges and how it affects NGOs’ policy participation.The study finds that under pressure from the international and domestic societies,state behavior is constantly being regulated by the international community,intending to internalize global norms into its own behavior and domestic policies.However,a government often lacks the ability to implement new norms,which in turn creates government governance pressure.The new areas where has not been involved of the traditional power are the space for NGOs to operate.And long-term cultivation has helped NGOs form unique governance capabilities,which attracts government to cooperate with NGOs.For NGOs who are in a weak position in the policy process,the government’s tendency to cooperate helps them gain political opportunities to participate in policy making.As the government provides more channels for policy participation,NGOs’ policy participation space expands.This study also finds that the achievement of the cooperation between the government and NGOs will not only broaden NGOs’ policy participation space,but also help the government to better achieve policy goals with NGOs’ professional capabilities.The achievement will in turn strengthen the cooperation between the government and NGOs.The expectation of good results will further enhance the willing of government to cooperate with NGOs,forming a virtuous circle of government-society interaction.The conclusions of this study preliminarily construct a mechanism framework “state socialization-government governance pressure-NGOs’ policy participation space” to interpret the international and domestic interaction in global marine governance.This study conducts research on NGOs’ policy participation based on the practice of global marine governance,and attempts to expand the research horizon of NGOs’ policy participation from the perspective of the outside of the political system.