Selection Of Regional Ecological Compensation Areas Based On Gross Ecosystem Product

Ecological compensation is an important issue in ecological civilization system,and an effective measurement to relieve the contradiction between regional ecological protection and economic development.With the deepening of ecological civilization construction,the importance of ecosystem products and services has become increasingly prominent,which has become an important basis for the implementation of ecological compensation.However,there are still some problems in China’s ecological compensation practice,such as the inability to identify the complex spatial heterogeneity of the region and meet the urgentneeds of ecological compensation in different regions,which result in the unequal pattern of ecological compensation,the damage of ecological benefits and capital benefits,and affect the fairness and efficiency of ecological compensation.Therefore,it is crucial to scientifically and reasonably select ecological compensation areas and determine compensation priorities.Taking Zhejiang Province as an example,based on the data of ecological environment and meteorology,social economy,land spatial planning and protection,and land use/cover,the temporal and spatial evolution of ecosystem pattern in Zhejiang Province from 2009 to 2019 was analyzed,and the gross land ecosystem product(GEP)of Zhejiang Province was calculated.The 10-year composition and change characteristics of GEP and ecological products such as supply products,regulation services and cultural services were explored.On this basis,the multi-objective ecological compensation areas within the provincial is selected through the ecological profit and loss method,the ecological benefit method and the cluster analysis method,and optimized by combining the main functional areas and ecological protection red line.In view of the current implementation status of transfer payment policy in key ecological function areas in Zhejiang Province,this paper analyzed the unequal relationship of ecological compensation pattern,and proposed optimization suggestions for the implementation of ecological compensation strategies,which provided reference for the selection of ecological compensation space in the transfer payment system for key ecological function areas,the largest ecological compensation project in China.The main conclusions are as follows:(1)The results of the spatiotemporal evolution of ecosystems in Zhejiang Province from 2009 to 2019 showed that:○1E_AThe ecosystem structure of Zhejiang Province was dominated by forest ecosystems and farmland ecosystems;_A○2E_ADuring the decade,the urban ecosystem and forest ecosystem showed an expansion trend,the farmland ecosystem decreased significantly,the wetland ecosystem and shrub ecosystem increased slightly,and the grassland ecosystem decreased slightly._A○3E_AThe intensity of ecosystem type conversion showed a distribution pattern of"high in the north and low in the south,high in the coast and low in the interior",with active ecosystem type conversion in northeastern Zhejiang and coastal southeastern Zhejiang,while relatively stable in the southwest of Zhejiang.(2)The results of Zhejiang’s GEP in 2009,2014 and 2019,and the spatiotemporal evolution of GEP during the decade showed that:_A○1E_AIn 2019,the total value of GEP in Zhejiang Province was CNY 563.8122 billion,of which the value of regulating service was CNY 414.6722 billion,accounting for 73.55%,the value of cultural service was CNY 959.644 billion,accounting for 17.02%,and the value of supply products was CNY 531.756 billion,accounting for 9.43%._A○2E_AIn the past 10 years,GEP increased slightly,showing a trend of slow growth first and then fast growth.The value of regulating services showed a trend of negative growth first and then positive growth,with a small overall change.The annual growth rate of the value of supply products was relatively high and stable,and the annual growth rate of the value of cultural services showed a trend of fast growth first and then slow growth,with an overall high growth rate._A○3E_AThe GEP per unit area of Zhejiang Province had a certain increase,and the GEP per capita had a downward trend.The change of GEP per unit area of counties(cities,districts)along the coast of north and east Zhejiang and Qiandao Lake was small,while the increase of GEP per unit area of counties(cities,districts)along Qiantang River was large.(3)Based on the GEP loss and gain areas,ecological compensation priority index(ECPS),and ecological sensitivity in Zhejiang Province,the ecological compensation areas in Zhejiang Province were selected by further combining GEP per capita,fiscal balance per capita,main functional area and ecological protection red line.The results showed that:_A○1E_AThe damage types of loss and gain areas in Zhejiang Province were mainly wetland and forest ecosystem,concentrated in Ningbo City,Taizhou City,Wenzhou City,Shaoxing City and Lishui City in southwest Zhejiang Province,and the high value areas of gain areas was mainly concentrated in the plain of north Zhejiang Province;_A○2E_AECPS high value areas and sub-high value areas were mainly distributed in mountainous and hilly areas in the province.The five counties with the highest priority index were Chun’an County,Jingning She Autonomous County,Qingyuan County,Longquan City and Suichang County;_A○3E_AThe ecological sensitivity of Zhejiang Province was high in the west and low in the east,high in the south and low in the north,,and decreased in the northeast direction through the two mountainous and hilly areas in northwest and east Zhejiang Province,with Lishui City in southwest Zhejiang Province being extremely sensitive and the eastern coastal and northern Zhejiang Plain being moderately and mildly sensitive;_A○4E_AAfter spatial selection,the ecological compensation priority of Zhejiang Province is divided into key compensated areas,priority compensated areas,secondary compensated areas and potential compensated areas.The 11 key ecological function areas in the province all belong to the key compensated areas and priority compensated areas.(4)Comparing the results of spatial selection optimization with the transfer payment situation of key ecological function areas,and analyzing the current pattern of ecological compensation in Zhejiang Province,the results showed that there was an unequal relationship in the spatial distribution of transfer payment funds,and the priority deviation of ecological compensation for non-key ecological function areas was large.Some areas with larger ecosystem service output and restricted development received less transfer payment funds,which will have a certain impact on the efficiency of ecological compensation.The allocation pattern of ecological compensation funds should be optimized and articulated with policies such as ecological protection red line.