| Geographic routing algorithms conventionally use one-hop greedy forwarding as their primary routing technique, which might lead to routing voids. Secondary routing schemes used to circumnavigate such routing voids are unfortunately not efficient in terms of throughput and energy consumption. Moreover, node residual energy and link quality are not considered during the routing process. This thesis presents a Two-hop Information based Energy-efficient Geographic Routing (TIEGeR) scheme to achieve effective energy balancing throughout the network, while preventing routing voids by proactively avoiding "local maxima" nodes. Distance to reach destination, node connectivity, link quality, and node residual energy are employed to formulate the routing metric for the TIEGeR. Besides, secondary routing scheme dealing with routing voids is supplemented by the reverse progress mode. The proposed TIEGeR algorithm is implemented and evaluated in an IEEE 802.15.4 environment using both simulation based on NS-2 and experimental testbed based on TI CC2530ZDK nodes. Simulations are used to investigate the performance of TIEGeR in large-scale network topologies. By experiment, we further evaluate and demonstrate the real-life operation and performance advantages of the TIEGeR scheme implemented in the network layer of a WSN using IEEE 802.15.4 MAC/PHY layers. Simulation and experimental results verify the advantages of TIEGeR against conventional geographic routing schemes. |
