Research On The Professional Rights Protection Of Shanghai Journalist Groups In The Republic Of China (1921-1949)

Professional groups refer to the groups formed by practitioners of a certain profession on the basis of social division of labor.With the development of journalism in China,the profession of journalist is bom.However,at the beginning,journalists were not valued by the society and their rights and interests were infringed from time to time.In 1921,journalists began to create professional groups,trying to use this as a hub to strengthen professional communication and express common interests.Based on the 1921-1949 Shanghai journalist groups as the main research object,try to describe the period of the republic of China news reporter professional rights of public image,and with the help of a professional related theories of sociology,from the perspective of professional jurisdiction,professional consciousness and the theory of social capital,professional bodies to reporters in rights characteristics of different stages and the reason analysis.In 1921,Shanghai journalists’ party was founded,which was the first professional group of journalists in the true sense.In the six years since its founding,it has voiced its support for journalists’ rights violations and put forward some safeguard proposals.However,it chose to stay out of the action to protect freedom of speech and failed to become a competent "professional rights defender".Under the guidance of the kuomintang,the Shanghai journalists’ federation was established in 1927 and reorganized as the journalists’ union in l932.During this period,the activist activities of professional journalist groups gradually matured,and they played an active role in calling for freedom of speech,protecting the rights and interests of jourmalists,and supporting persecuted journalists.In March 1946,the Shanghai journalists’ association was reorganized,but its professional activities were few and concentrated on guaranteeing the livelihood of journalists,which showed the increasingly difficult living conditions of journalists after the war.This paper holds that there are three main reasons affecting the performance of rights protection of professional groups of journalists:political power,professional consciousness of journalists and social capital of jourmalist groups.Political power is the external receiver of professional jurisdiction.From 1921 to 1949,with the gradual strengthening of state power’s control over society,the activity space of professional groups of journalists was gradually narrowed,which eventually led to the loss of professional jurisdiction.The professional consciousness of journalists also has an important influence on the activities of professional groups of journalists.From the 1920s to the late 1930s,the professional consciousness of journalists gradually matured,and their identity was strengthened in rights protection events.After the war,the political situation in which the kuomintang and the comlunist party confronted each other greatly compressed the space for journalistic professionalism,and the professional identity of journalists was no longer.The social capital of journalist groups will also affect the performance of their rights protection.The more sufficient the social capital accumulated by the management of the journalist group,the more effective the journalist group will be in the rights protection event.Political power,professional consciousness of journalists and social capital of journalist groups always exist in the activities of journalist professional groups and exert different influences in different stages.In general,political power has the greatest influence,followed by professional consciousness and finally social capital.Their forces are not runiform,but a reciprocal,restrictive relationship.In the period of the journalists’ get-together,political forces have little interference in the professional groups of journalists,but the professional consciousness of journalists is still in its infancy,and the social capital accumulation of the groups is insufficient.During the period of the federation of journalists(guild),the intervention of political forces gradually increased,but there were also omissions under the discipline.By using political forces,professional groups of journalists gained legitimacy instead,unintentionally removing obstacles for professional rights protection activities.At that time,the core leadership of journalists often had the dual identities of journalists from the kuomintang and private newspapers.Since the 1930s,journalists have significantly improved their professional awareness,so that they can make more use of the former identity and enhance the social influence of journalist groups.Post-war jourmalists association is under the kuomintang dockyard restructuring,it 1s fully committed to the rule,the reporter professional consciousness is also in full retreat,reporter core leadership are the important figures of the KMT,jouroalists association besides unable to protect rights and profits of reporters,also actively cooperate with the news control,thus losing the meaning of occupational groups exist.