Research On The Funding Of Academies In The Qing Dynasty

Academy is a form of educational organization in ancient China with a long history.Academies first appeared in the Tang Dynasty,which was not widely set up and had a small scale.By the Song Dynasty,academies had relatively complete rules and regulations and formed their unique characteristics.After hundreds of years of development in Yuan and Ming Dynasties,academies had spread all over the country and became educational institutions supplemented by official schools,with functions of teaching,publishing and publishing books,offering sacrifices.The performance of these functions depends to some extent on the amount of funds.Academy funds are the material guarantee for Academy lectures and daily activities,which are related to the rise and fall of the academy.This article mainly uses local chronicles and related literature to study the college funds.In this paper,the methods of chart analysis,comparative analysis,comprehensive analysis and case analysis are used to classify and explore the sources,ways of expenditure of College funds.At the same time,innovative thinking,different periods of academy funding sources,different regions for the construction of academies,different levels of academies funding revenue and expenditure analysis,explore the reasons,study the internal links between academy funding and Qing Dynasty politics,economy and culture.In addition to the preface and conclusion,the text is divided into five chapters:The preface elaborates the reason and significance of the topic,the current research situation at home and abroad,the research emphasis,difficulties and innovations,as well as the related concepts.Chapter one,Academy Policy of Qing Dynasty.This chapter mainly combs the relevant policies of the Qing Dynasty on academies.Influenced by the background of the times,social environment and the will of the rulers,the Qing Dynasty issued different policies on academies,or restricted or supported the development of academies.The implementation of these policies has made the Academy go throughfour different stages,namely,the formation and development period,the prosperous period,the depression period and the transformation and evolution period.Influenced by the imperial policy and policy,the development of academies in different periods is not the same,so the source of funds and expenditure items also show different characteristics.Chapter two,the source of funds of academies in Qing Dynasty.This chapter is one of the key contents of this article.By collecting and analyzing the historical materials of local chronicles,this paper summarizes the sources of the funds of academies into four aspects: government allocation,official and gentry donation,public donation and Academy self-management,and then classifies and summarizes each method in detail.Through the analysis,it can be seen that the funding sources of academies in Qing Dynasty are diversified,and the proportion of official and gentry investment is larger.Chapter three,the expenditure of academies in Qing Dynasty.This chapter summarizes the expenditure of academy expenditure in four aspects: construction expenditure,personnel expenditure,activity expenditure and profit principal expenditure.College expenditure is not the same,there are big differences.Through comparative analysis,it can be seen that the expenditure on teachers' employment and students' course papers in the academy is much larger than the expenditure on the salaries of academy administrators and miscellaneous workers.This difference shows to some extent that the Academy attaches importance to learning,respects teachers and cherishes talents.Chapter four,the difference of the income and expenditure of academies in Qing Dynasty.This chapter is the innovation of this paper.Through comparative analysis and case analysis,it can be seen that there were differences in the sources of funds and ways of expenditure of academies in different periods,regions and levels in Qing Dynasty.Influenced by the policy of restricting the development of academies by the Qing Dynasty,there was almost no official allocation of funds in Shunzhi and Kangxi.In the middle and late Ming Dynasty,with the support of the Qing Dynasty for academies,the development of economy and the continuous improvement ofcommercialization,official allocation and official and gentry donation became the main sources of funds for academies,while public donation,especially businessmen's donation and Academy self-management,became the main sources of funds for Acade The proportion of fee sources is also increasing.In the Qing Dynasty,the expenditure on academy construction in the southern region was higher than that in the northern region,which was closely related to the level of regional economic development and cultural and historical traditions to a certain extent.Generally speaking,the provincial capital academies,supported by the policies of the Qing Dynasty,have more funds than other prefectural and county academies.Chapter fifth.This chapter mainly explores the dialectical relationship between academy funds and Qing Dynasty regime,economy and culture,and draws inspiration from the sources of academy funds,providing reference for the financing of colleges and universities today,and playing a role of learning from history.