On The Ancient Academy Of Qing Dynasty In Yining County

Yining county,located in the northwestern part of Jiangxi Province,is adjacent to Hunan and Hubei Province.Yiningzhou is the gateway to the northwest of Jiangxi Province and full of mountains and lush forests,therefore,it has unique strategic significance.Since the Ming and Qing Dynasties,there were wars around Yiningzhou happened frequently.Among them,there were not only local military conflicts from bandits,but also wars due to Li Zicheng Peasant uprising in the late Ming Dynasty,the Chaos of Sancha in the early Qing Dynasty and the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom Movement in the late Qing Dynasty.Unfortunately,the capital city of Yiningzhou was destroyed in every single war.As a result,the indigenous people formed a relatively strong exclusionism,which objectively caused tension between the indigenous groups and the Hakka people.In 1725 of Qing Dynasty,the Yongzheng Emperor approved the Hakka people's requirement to establish of Huaiyuan zone in Yiningzhou,and compiled it into four districts and eighty-groups.Academies in Yiningzhou during the Qing Dynasty had been developed in the historical background,which included the legalization of the Hakka people and the response from the indigenous people.Compared with the developing history of the ancient academies in China,it is consistent for the development of academies in Yiningzhou during the period from Song Dynasty to the Ming Dynasty.Specifically,the family power and government also played the important roles to the establishment and development of ancient academies,such as the Zhitai College owned by the Huang Tingjian family in the Northern Song Dynasty and the Quanshan College in the Ming Dynasty.Subsequently,the development of Yiningzhou academies followed the same tradition in the Qing Dynasty.The development of the Yiningzhou academies was rapid,especially in the late Qing Dynasty,and the number of newly-established academies far exceeded that of the Song,Yuan and Ming Dynasties.Academies were developed simultaneously in urban and rural areas,and the characteristics of the academy governance were further highlighted.Symbolized as the development of Lianshan College established by the indigenous groups,aspects such as continuous government support,extensive acceptance from the public and cultural identity,the local political,economic,and cultural transportation center and the high social status,helped Lianshan College become the best in Yiningzhou.In the 19th year of Daoguang Emperor,Gan Linji,a student from the Hakka people,was enrolled by Lishan College.The enrollment caused a dispute,which last several years.Government at all levels were involved into the dispute,and the final adjudication made by the highest government announced that students from the Hakka people weren't eligible from enrolling into those academies established by the indigenous groups.This result objectively stimulated the establishment and development of academies in Yining county,however,it had had a profound impact on the Yiningzhou society,such as intensifying the confrontation between the indigenous groups and the Hakka people,and intensive competition around the educational resources.Based on this background,there was a universal worship of the gods of the ancient imperial examinations among academies in Yiningzhou.At the same time,academies were also keen on revising and recording their histories.This process is the typical evolution of academies in Yining county,which shows distinct regional characteristics.The development of Yiningzhou academies in the Qing Dynasty benefited from extensive social donations.The driving force of social donations came from rewards from the government,donating households and guaranteeing the enrollment of the descendants of the donors and the bonus awards,which became main economic resource to maintain the development of academies.Meanwhile,influenced by multiple factors such as the imperial examination,the intensive competition,and social demands,the function of Yiningzhou academies in the Qing Dynasty was expanded,and the examination mode became one of the general regulations of the academy,which included the examination,the prize,the sacrifice,the teaching and the collection of books.Furthermore,the nature of Yiningzhou academies in the Qing Dynasty changed from the traditional teaching mode to the examination mode.Based on the continuously deepening understand of the function of the academy,an open regulation concept should be held in the research of the academy.