Viewing The Management Of The Mukden Royal Manor In The Qing Dynasty From ‘Hetu Dangse Of Xianfeng Dynasty'

The "Hetu Dangse" refers to the copy of the official documents of the Internal Affairs Office of Mukden,which is the product of the Qing Dynasty 's centralization of the emperor.Rich in many aspects,it is now preserved in the Archives of Liaoning Province.The Imperial Palace of Mukden is an important part of the Imperial Palace of the Qing Dynasty.It is not only an important source of tax revenue of the Qing government,but also a guarantee of the daily life of the royal family.The rulers of the Qing Dynasty attached great importance to the management of Mukden royal manor,and all matters needed to be managed by the Internal Affairs Office of Mukden and the relevant departments to report to the General Administration of the Internal Affairs Office of Mukden.Therefore,a considerable part of the "Hetu Dangse" involved Mukden royal manor.In 2016,Zhao Huanlin's editor-in-chief of the series of "Hetu Dangse" series of photocopies was successively published by the Bookbinding Bureau,injecting fresh blood into the research of royal manor in the Qing Dynasty.This article mainly studies the production and management of Mukden royal manor through the use of first-hand archive data "Hetu Dangse of Xianfeng Dynasty".The time is defined in the first year of Xianfeng(1851)to the eleventh year of Xianfeng(1861).By sorting out and analyzing the historical data of the "Hetu Dangse of Xianfeng Dynasty",this paper studies the personnel management,economic production activities,and the natural disasters encountered by royal manor during the Xianfeng period and the government's response measures.The Internal Affairs Office of Mukden is a royal service agency set up by the Qing government in its accompany capital,as the administrative body for royal and court affairs in Mukden area.There are five divisions under the Internal Affairs Office of Mukden.They are the Construction Division,the Guangxi Storage Division,the Masters Division,the Duyu Division,and the Accounting Division,which are in charge of all kinds of royal manor.There is Zhuangtou and Zhuangding in royal manor.Zhuangtou is the actual production manager of royal manor.Its appointment,removal,punishment,etc.must be submitted to the Beijing General House by the Internal Affairs Office of Mukden,and it can be officially implemented only after approval.Zhuang's main laborers,in orderto ensure the normal production activities of royal manor and the collection of quotas,implement strict management control on it.The main function of royal manor is to regularly send tribute and pay taxes to the government and the royal family.Heavy taxes,coupled with the ban on the influx of people into the northeast by the end of the Qing Dynasty,various land disputes occurred in Mukden royal manor.In order to obtain more arable land,some pastures,fruit forests and wasteland in royal manor were reclaimed and planted.Excessive use of land has reduced its ability to conserve water.Floods and floods have caused serious desertification.In response,the government adopted countermeasures such as opening warehouses and allocating food and delaying rents.Through the research on the above contents,it can be concluded that the Mukden royal manor inner government in the Xianfeng period generally has distinct affiliations and strict management of people;strict rents and taxes,prominent land conflicts;production damage,and damage to the ecological environment.