Prevalence Of Poor Eyesight Among Students And Hygiene Status Of Teaching Environment In Primary And Middle Schools In Jilin City

Objective: The main objective of this study is to understand the epidemiological status of poor eyesight among primary and middle school students in Jilin City,to understand eye using behaviors and eyesight cognition of students with different eyesight conditions,to understand the hygiene status of classroom lighting environment and desk-chair setting through the evaluation of the hygiene indicators of teaching environment and equipment.This study further explored the comprehensive measures of prevention and control of poor eyesight from these perspectives of eye using behaviors,teaching environment hygiene and so on,in order to provide scientific basis for the education and health departments to carry out prevention and control of poor eyesight and transformation of teaching environment hygiene in primary and middle schools.Methods: A multi-stage stratified and cluster random sampling method was used to select two primary schools,two junior high schools and two senior high schools from Chuanying District,Fengman District,Jiaohe City and Yongji County,respectively,including 9641 students aged 7~18 years and 221 classrooms.The standard logarithmic eyesight chart was used to measure the naked eyesight of students,and questionnaire survey was conducted among them.The content of the questionnaire included basic information(gender,age,grade,etc.),eye using behaviors(Whether to use the eyes in the state of eye fatigue,whether the position of holding pen and sitting is standard or not,use of electronic products,etc.),the status of eyesight cognition and so on.The field test was used to measure the indicators of lighting environment hygiene and desk-chair hygiene,and these indicators were evaluated according to national health standards.Epidata 3.1 was used to establish database and entry data,and IBM SPSS 24.0 was used to perform the statistical analyses.Results: 1.The detection rate of poor eyesight among primary and middle school students in Jilin was 77.9%;the detection rates of mild,moderate and severe poor eyesight were 12.1%,17.4% and 48.5%,respectively.There were statistically significant differences in the detection rates of poor eyesight among primary and middle school students of different genders,ages,urban-rural areas and learning stages(P<0.001).The detection rate of poor eyesight in girls(82.1%)was higher than that in boys(73.7%);with the increase of age,the detection rate of poor eyesight was on the rise;the detection rate of poor eyesight in urban students(81.6%)was higher than that in rural students(73.8%);the detection rates of poor eyesight in senior and junior high school students(87.4% and 88.5%)were higher than that in primary school students(62.6%).2.The age-change curves of the detection rates of poor eyesight in urban-rural and male-female students increased first(7~14 years),and then tended to be flat or slightly decreased(15~18 years).The increasing velocity of the detection rate of poor eyesight among rural girls increased first(7~10 years old)and then decreased(11~18 years old),reaching a peak at the age of 10~11 years old.While the increasing velocity among urban boys,urban girls and rural boys all showed a continuous downward trend,reaching a peak at the age of 7 years old or even before the age of 7 years old.3.The higher rates of self-reported bad eye using behaviors were "nonstandard sitting posture"(69.7%)and "frequent continuous using electronic products for more than 40 minutes"(55.3%);followed by "frequent using electronic products in the dark"(46.2%)and "frequent using eyes in the state of eye fatigue "(34.7%).There was a significant difference between the actual eyesight and self-evaluated eyesight among primary and middle school students(P<0.001),and Kappa=0.409.35.5% of students with poor eyesight self-evaluated that their eyesight was normal,and 64.5% of them self-evaluated that their eyesight was poor.4.The proportion of classrooms with bilateral or unilateral lighting on the left was 95.0%;the proportion of classrooms with north-south orientation was 79.2%;the proportion of classrooms with verandas or single corridors was 68.3%;the qualified rate of glass-to-ground ratio was 47.5%.According to the new standard,the qualified rate of average illumination of natural light on the desktop was 96.4%,while the qualified rate of illumination uniformity was only 1.8%.Under the new standard,the qualified rate of average illumination of natural light on the blackboard was 44.3%,and the qualified rate of illumination uniformity was 6.3%.The value of illumination uniformity of natural light on the blackboard in classrooms built after 2012 was higher than that in classrooms built before 2011(P<0.05),and the levels of other illuminance indicators of natural light were not significantly different between groups with different construction time(P>0.05).5.37.6% of classrooms were equipped with nine or more 40-watt fluorescent lamps;the proportion of classrooms with “the long axis of the lamp(excluding blackboard lamps)perpendicular to the blackboard” was 71.9%;the proportion of classrooms with " the lamps equipped with lampshades " was 8.8%;the proportion of classrooms with "lamp-table distance not less than 1.7 m" was 95.5%.32.1% of the classrooms were equipped with blackboard lamps,in which 25.4% of the classrooms were equipped with two 40-watt blackboard lamps,and 56.3% of the classrooms had lampshades for blackboard lamps,and the direction of blackboard lamps was parallel to the blackboard.6.According to the new standard,the qualified rate of average illumination of artificial light on the desktop was 54.1%,and the qualified rate of illumination uniformity was 13.2%.Under the new standard,the qualified rate of average illuminance of artificial light on the blackboard was only 8.8%,and the qualified rate of illuminance uniformity was 21.5%.The values of average illumination of artificial light on the desktop and blackboard in classrooms built after 2012 were higher than those in classrooms built before 2011,and the qualified rate of average illumination on the desktop in classrooms built after 2012(87.5%)was higher than that in classrooms built before 2011(51.3%)based on the new standard,and the differences were statistically significant(P<0.05).While the qualified rates of illuminance uniformity of artificial light were not significantly different between groups with different construction time(P>0.05).7.The basic consistent rate of desks was 14.1%;the basic consistent rate of chairs was 36.6%;the basic consistent rate of desk-chair was 11.2%.The high rates of desks and chairs were 85.8% and 60.6%,respectively.The qualified rate of row distance was 1.8 %;the qualified rate of distance between the front row of desks and the blackboard was 48.9%;the qualified rate of distance between the last row of desks and the blackboard was 83.3%;the qualified rate of per capita area in classroom was 38.5%.Conclusion: 1.The detection rate of poor eyesight among primary and middle school students in Jilin City was high,which was increasing with age.The peak period of increasing velocity of the detection rate of poor eyesight tended to move forward,and the peak age among urban boys,urban girls,and rural boys appeared at the age of 7 years old or even before the age of 7 years old,which showed further development of younger age.2.Poor eye using behaviors were common among primary and middle school students.The conformance between actual eyesight and self-assessment eyesight was poor in students with poor eyesight.3.In some primary and middle classrooms,the designs of orientation and corridor were unreasonable,and the area of transparent windows was too small.Insufficient number of lighting lamps and naked lamp lighting existed in some classrooms.The condition of natural light and artificial light was poor,but only the average illuminance of natural light on the desktop was basically up to standard.4.The condition of natural light in the classrooms built after 2012 has not been significantly improved according to the new standards,and only the level of illuminance uniformity on the blackboard has been slightly increased.The levels of average illuminance of artificial light on the desktop and blackboard in the classrooms built after 2012 have been increased,but the level of illuminance uniformity has not been significantly improved.5.The height of desks and chairs in primary and middle classrooms was generally higher than that of students.The space arrangement of desks and chairs has problems of too small row distance and too close distance between the front row and the blackboard.The qualified rate of per capita area was low.