Human Error In Maritime Industry

Nowadays,it is stated that over 80% of the world's cargo is transported by merchant ships.Taking in consideration that also a significant number of military ships are deployed all over the oceans and seas,we can say that oceans have become quite 'crowdy.' We can say that humans and their decisions on sea are the roots of the majority of sea accidents:(1)A Dutch study of 100 marine casualties found that human error contributed to 96 of the 100 accidents.(2)Human error costs the maritime industry $541 million per year,according to the United Kingdom Protection and Indemnity(UK P&I)Club.(3)Human error contributes to 84–88% of tanker accidents.(4)Human error contributes to 79% of towing vessel groundings.(5)Over 80% of marine accidents are caused or influenced by human and organization factors.(6)Human error contributes to 89–96% of ship collisions.The purpose of this research is to introduce the concept of human error and the maritime safety implemented to control this issue.The following key areas were examined: the influence of human error,human factors leading to human error,common themes of accidents,international legislation,management actions and interventions to make shipping safer.First of all in the research provides Introduction.Chapter Two includes definition of Human Error for an understanding specifies the distinction between human factors and human errors and also defines these errors into categories by emphasizing on the circumstances under which each error type occurs and a description of the HFACS rating process.In Third chapter,we discuss about the prevailing ISM Code dealing with organizational control in terms of safety performance,followed ?by the identification of organizational factors in the ISM Code in connection with the causation model.Also it shows two case studies,representing a simple and a complicated case.These case studies start with a summary of the official report,facts and analyses,then gives the re-analysis of cases by the HFACS framework perspective.Some findings in short are observed from the applications described at the end of each case study followed by the subsequent discussion.Chapter Four considers the current status of attempts to address these human errors issues prevalent in the maritime industry introduced by the international organizations,codes and conventions to ensure safety at sea.The solutions and measures which were established to manage the human error are presented.In addition,discusses the findings solutions of reduction Human Error in Maritime industry.Last but not least,the concluding parts are placed in Chapter Five,followed by summary and some recommendations on how can to reduce Human Error.