| In recent years,ecological compensation,which has become an efficient tool to achieve the friendly relationship between environmental protection and economic development,has become a hot research topic in the ecological economy and environmental management.That apply appropriate evaluation methods and determine reasonable compensation standards is of great importance to protect the regional environment,promote regional economic development,and reduce regional development gaps.Instead of using the value of ecosystem services,we conducted an ecological compensation assessment model which combined a modified emergy ecological footprint model and gross ecosystem production(GEP)for Qinghai Province;We used this model as well as 3S(GIS,RS,GPS)technology to analyze the dynamic changes of the emergy ecological footprint per-capita(eef)and emergy ecological carrying capacity per-capita(eec),GEP,and ecological compensation standards of Qinghai Province in terms of time and space from 2001 to 2016.In addition,we concluded the classification compensation strategy for Qinghai Province from three perspectives:one is administration compensation,one is ecosystem compensation and the other is ecological functional zone.The main conclusions of this paper are presented in the following paragraph:(1)We added cultural account and waste data to the traditional ecological footprint account and conducted an equation based on physiological activity of the vegetation.This improvement made results more in line with natural conditions.(2)From 2001 to 2016,The eef of Qinghai Province increased from 6.78hm~2 to36.97hm~2,and the eec had been fluctuating around 10hm~2.The eef in the east was higher than the other regions,while its ecc was lower,indicating that there was an imbalance between environmental supply and human consumption.(3)The cities and states of Qinghai Province differs a lot in terms of GEP value.The GEP value of the eastern region was significantly higher than the central and western parts.The value of providing service increased from 3.34×10~3 million to3.39×10~4million during the period 2001-2016,and the value of cultural service rose from 1.30×10~3 million to 3.10×10~4 million.The value of regulating service of Qinghai was fluctuated,but the regulating service of the northwest region showed an increasing trend.(4)From 2001 to 2016,the ecological compensation of Qinghai Province kept increasing,and the rate of increase was fast.In 2016,the total amount of ecological compensation increased by 4.93×10~4billion yuan,and the annual growth rate was up to 53.13%.The ecologically redundant areas of Qinghai Province were the central and western part,but its area had been reduced from 6448.19×10~4 hectares in 2001 to2771.96 hectares in 2016.The ecological redundancy value that could be provided was continuously reduced.The area that required ecological compensation were mainly located in the eastern region and Golmud city,the area was 700.59×10~4hectares in 2001,but in 2016 it reduced to 3878.82×10~4hectares,and its required amount was also increasing.(5)From 2001 to 2016,The compensation standards of Xining City,Haidong City,and Haixi State were at a high level in Qinghai Province.Among these three regions,the compensation standard of Haixi State increased sharply in 2008.The compensation standards of Haibei,Hainan,and Huangnan States were at a medium level of the province;the compensation standards of Guoluo and Yushu States were at the lowest level in the province.Between these two states,Yushu States transferred from an ecologically redundant area to a compensation area in 2007,and the required compensation standard kept increasing since then.This indicated that the compensation principle of Qinghai is“regulating service first,cultural service second,and the providing service last”;“the eastern region and Haixi Prefecture first,the central and western regions last”.(6)The ecological compensation standards(the highest,the lowest,and the average)of every ecosystem in Qinghai Province showed an increasing trend,and the compensation amounts required for forest land,grassland,cropland,and cities are generally higher than the other ecosystems.Among the highest ecological compensation standard,the relationship among the amount of ecological compensation required by each ecosystem is grassland>built-up land>cropland>forest land>water>desert and barren land>permanent snow and glaciers;as for the average ecological compensation standard,the relationship is built-up>cropland>forest>grassland>water>permanent snow and glaciers>desert and barren land;among the minimum ecological compensation standard,the relationship is forest land>cropland>built-up land>grassland>water>desert and barren land>permanent snow and glaciers.In the future,it would be better that the compensation standard for ecosystems are between the lowest and highest standards.(7)When compensating for ecological functional zone,the ecological compensation standard for water conservation functional zone is the highest,followed by wind and sand fixing function zone,product supply function zoning,and biodiversity protection function zone is the lowest.Within each function zone,the order of compensation standards for each ecosystem is:water conservation function zone:grassland>desert and barren land>cropland>forest>water>built-up>permanent snow and glaciers;wind and sand fixing function zone:grassland>cropland>built-up>desert and barren Land>forest>water>permanent snow and glacier;product supply function zone:grassland>cropland>built-up>forest>water;biodiversity conservation function zone:desert and barren land>grassland>permanent snow and glaciers>water.(8)The government of Qinghai Province should take measures to better implement the ecological compensation policy.First,optimize the government management department,such as establish a competent authority for ecological compensation with distinct responsibilities,and improve the efficiency of the use of special funds;Second,establish an ecological monitoring and evaluation system;Third,broadening the channels for raising ecological compensation funds within the province;Forth,developing regional agricultural and animal husbandry industries to increase the income of farmers and herdsmen,and optimize the income structure of farmers and herdsmen;Finally,adopt national unified compensation method as well as internal self-compensation method. |
PDF Full Text Request