| In this paper, Tutang village, Pengshui Chongqing in Wuling mountain area, is chosen as the research object; on the theory and knowledge of landscape ecology, through drawing tools and analysis software, such as Google earth, Auto CAD, Arc GIS, first of all, the topographic characteristics of the study area was analyzed; Secondly, on the basis of the landscape of classification, the composition and distribution of the landscape of the study area are studied, mainly including different landscape types and in different slope and different elevation; the overall landscape spatial pattern and the spatial composition characteristics of main landscape elements are analyzed, including the type of forest land and farmland plaque characteristics and heterogeneity, and the distribution characteristics of rural settlements and plant landscape alongside the house was studied; third, the relationship between the landscape composition and the soil, water are discussed in this paper, analyzing the catchment relations and farmland soil erosion; finally, according to the above analysis and research, summed up the landscape ecological problems of the study area, and puts forward the optimization approach, making landscape pattern optimization simulation. The main results were as follows:(1) The study area of landscape types include mixed forest, coniferous forest, broad-leaved forest, shrub forest, bamboo forest, paddy field, dry land, residential land, traffic land, garden land, water pond and unused land. The forest land is 82.61 ha, the largest type, accounting for 54.58%, mainly in the mixed forest; the cultivated land is 46.87ha, accounted for 30.91%, dry land more, paddy field less. Residential land is 2.12ha, accounted for 1.4%, showing a small concentrated but large dispersion. Traffic land is 2.16ha, accounting for 1.42%, mainly highway and village roads. Garden land is only 0.14ha, can be preferable. A small reservoir is only 0.11 ha. Idle land is 17.93ha, accounted for 11.82%, due to the existence of many bare rock and unused ground. The overall landscape diversity is low, but there is a higher degree of dominance and mosaic.(2) The impact of the slope on the landscape is characterized by:the 0-5° flat is given priority to the mixed forest and paddy field, few other landscape types. The 5-15° gentle slope is the largest, given priority to the mixed forests and the dry land, all kinds of elements are reaching maximum. The 15-25° slope is given priority to the mixed forests and the dry land. The 25-35° slope is given priority to the mixed forest and coniferous forest, existing 1.28 ha slope cropland. The steep slope above 35° is given priority to mixed forest and shrub land, existing 1.09 ha farmland. Paddy field is mainly distributed to the flat, other factors mainly in gentle slope.Effects of elevation on landscape composition as follows:the 586-635m low altitude is mainly of mixed forest and dry land, other types is less. The 635.5-685m low altitude is dominated by mixed forest and dry land, of pond in this region and other types is increasing. In the 685.5-734m middle elevation area, the mixed forest and dry land is still dominant, residential land reaches the maximum value. The 734.5-784m higher altitude is given priority to coniferous forest and shrub land, the other is less than 10%. In the 784.5-834m high altitude, the most followed by shrub forest, then coniferous forest, other reached the minimum value.(3) The overall evenness, connection and fragmentation of woodland are higher. Mixed forest patch number and area are the largest, coniferous forest patch is less and scattered; broad-leaved forest tends to concentration; shrub land is relatively uniform, the connection degree is higher; bamboo is mainly alongside the house and gully, with broad patch spacing and extremely low connection degree.The cultivated land is relatively uniform, connection degree is low, but fragmentation degree is high, the terrain and the vegetation is the main influence factors. Dry land fringe and ridge often scattered with small patches of trees, there is farmland on 25° above slope. "Long tread" type and "ribbon ladder" type are two kinds of terraced landscape.East part settlement patches number is less, the distance index is larger, and scattered; the west part settlement patches number is more, mainly concentrate along the highway; the characteristics of the whole present a small concentrated and large scattered. The plant landscape around the house is garden and woodland. Rounding woodland is 1.15 ha, included in the forest land, mainly of economic fruit forest, bamboo forest, natural-half natural forest.(4) The source of water in the study area is mainly from the west, northwest and northeast streams. The paper mainly analyzes the erosion situation of cultivated land, degree of micro erosion mainly located in the valley; given priority to mild erosion, accounted for 41.92%; followed by moderate erosion, accounted for 30.68%, existing in all kinds of slope; extremely intensity erosion are mainly distributed in the moderate slope and abrupt slope in the eastern side.(5) The main problems of the study area as follows:the unreasonable development and construction of land use; rural settlements have a tendency to concentrate, plant landscape around the house is lack of management; there are more aggravate soil erosion area, etc. Through measures, such as patches landscape of farmland construction, Ruderal landscape construction, water resources’ "impoundment-irrigation-drainage" facilities construction, the simulation of the studied area landscape optimization is worked, the results shows slightly lower diversity, increasing dominance and mosaic degree, the total soil erosion of slope cropland decreased to moderate by intensity. |
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