Layout Optimization Of China’s Territorial Space Based On Resource Efficiency

The development pattern of territorial space is an intuitive expression of national development strategy and mode in space,and it is the spatial carrier of beautiful China and ecological civilization construction.The development pattern of territorial space is related to the development of national economy,the well-being of residents,the health of ecological environment and the overall security of the country.Optimizing the development pattern of territorial space has become the primary task of the Party and the country in the new era.The 18 th National Congress pointed out that "advance urbanization,agricultural development and ecological security in a scientific and balanced way",and the 19 th and 20 th National Congresses further promoted the optimization of the development pattern of territorial space to the national strategic level.As a complex giant system formed by the interaction between natural resources and human activities,territorial space has both spatial and resource attributes.The key to its layout optimization lies in the scientific overall planning and rational allocation of urban space,agricultural space and ecological space,and the key point is to support the sustainable economic and social development with the least consumption of land and resources.Under the background of tightening natural resource constraints and intensifying spatial conflicts among the "three-function space ",in order to realize the sustainable development of territorial space,the efficiency of national land resources has become a key indicator for decision-making departments to consider when making longterm plans and overall arrangements for regional territorial space,and it also provides a brand-new perspective for scientifically optimizing the layout of territorial space and realizing effective control and precise governance."Development" and "protection" are the focus of the comprehensive trade-off of territorial space under the guidance of realistic needs and goals,which run through the whole process of territorial space governance such as spatial planning,zoning control and supervision.It has become the basic direction of territorial space layout optimization to scientifically trade-off the development and protection schemes of territorial space from the perspective of the effectiveness of land resources allocation,and to shape livable and moderate urban space,intensive and efficient agricultural space and beautiful ecological space.However,from the current related theoretical research and management practice,there is still a lack of systematic solutions to optimize the territorial space layout,such as comprehensive effectiveness analysis of land resources,scientific evaluation of territorial space development capacity and quantitative blueprint depiction of territorial space layout,which need to be further strengthened from the technical system level.Therefore,this study focuses on the strategic objectives and decision-making needs of building a highquality territorial space development pattern,taking 357 prefecture-level administrative regions in China as research units,and around the logical main line of "resource efficiency calculation,scenario design,development capacity evaluation and layout blueprint depiction",based on urban space utilization efficiency,agricultural space production efficiency and ecological space protection efficiency,this study conducts the territorial space development capacity evaluation of multi-scenario schemes,quantitatively depicts the territorial space layout blueprint under different scenarios,and puts forward corresponding optimization strategies.The main contents and conclusions of the study are as follows:(1)Based on the perspective of compound system theory,the urban space utilization efficiency,agricultural spatial production efficiency,ecological spatial protection efficiency and their spatio-temporal characteristics of cities in China from 2000 to 2020 were calculated and analyzed by using the global non-radial directional distance function.It is found that the efficiency of land and resources in China shows an upward trend in general from 2000 to 2020,but the overall level is still low,and it shows significant stage and regional characteristics.Among them,the high-value area of urban space utilization efficiency is mainly concentrated in the metropolitan area and economic circle with dense population and high intensity of social and economic activities on the southeast side of Hu Huanyong Line,and presents a diamond-shaped structure with Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei Urban Agglomerations,the Yangtze River Delta Urban Agglomerations,the Pearl River Delta Urban Agglomerations and the Chengdu-Chongqing City Group as the apex,the Triangle of Central China as the center and the connecting lines of adjacent urban agglomerations as the boundary.The agricultural spatial production efficiency is deeply influenced by the laws of natural regional differentiation.Most of the high-value units are distributed in the Northeast China Plain,the Huang-Huai-Hai Plain,the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River Plain,the Chengdu Plain,the Pearl River Delta Plain,Gansu and Xinjiang,and the trend of agglomeration to the core metropolitan area and key cities is obvious.Overall,the ecological spatial protection efficiency is characterized by spatial imbalance of "high in the east and low in the west,high in the south and low in the north".Ningxia,Xinjiang,Gansu,Inner Mongolia,Qinghai and Tibet have become the main lowefficiency convergence areas in all periods of the whole region,and the task of ecological protection and construction is still very arduous.(2)The Meta-frontier Malmquist-Luenberger(MML)index is used to dynamically decompose the efficiency of land and resources,explore the internal motivation of efficiency growth,identify technological innovators,and estimate the potential scale of land and resources conservation,output growth and pollution reduction and emission reduction in China.The results show that technological progress is the main driving force to promote the efficiency growth of land and resources in China.Combined with the decomposition effect of urban space utilization efficiency,it can be seen that the improvement of efficiency in the western region is mainly attributed to the catching-up effect of "late-comer advantage",while the eastern and central regions depend on factors such as industrial technology upgrading and scientific and technological innovation.During the study period,most of the technological innovators were concentrated in the eastern region,which is the technical benchmark for other regions to "catch up".The results of MML index decomposition of agricultural spatial production efficiency show that the central and western regions are highly dependent on the input of pesticides,fertilizers and other factors,which may make them face the problem of agricultural ecological environment deterioration.The identification results of technological innovators show that Northeast China has an absolute advantage in quantity,which is also the main reason why its efficiency level has been ahead of other regions for a long time.Judging from the MML index decomposition results of ecological space protection efficiency and the identification of technological innovators,the improvement of efficiency in the western region benefits from the maturity of ecological protection and restoration technology,and it is still necessary to explore the integration development path of ecological industrialization and industrial ecologicalization in the future.By measuring the potential scale of efficiency improvement,it is found that the growth potential of desired output such as non-agricultural output value,average wage of urban workers and total agricultural output value is increasing year by year,and improving the output benefit level of land use is the main direction of efficiency improvement in the future.(3)According to the efficiency of land and resources,an evaluation index system of territorial space development capacity coupled with "factor-function" is constructed,and Ordered Weighted Averaging(OWA)and Dagum Gini coefficient are introduced to evaluate and identify the territorial space development capacity and the sources of spatial differences in China under the multi-scenario scheme of development and protection.The results show that the development capacity of China’s territorial space shows a steady upward trend under different preference scenarios during the study period.The high-value capacity areas are concentrated in national and regional urban agglomerations such as Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei,Yangtze River Delta,Pearl River Delta,Chengdu-Chongqing,the middle reaches of the Yangtze River,the coastal areas of Guangdong,Fujian and Zhejiang,and Harbin-Changchun,while the high-value areas spread axially around the main urban agglomerations.Dagum Gini coefficient and its decomposition results show that the imbalance degree of the territorial space development capacity in different regions is deepening,and the differentiation trend is further aggravated when the attitude of decision makers tends to be pessimistic.In terms of intra-group differences and inter-group differences,with the transition of policy orientation from development to protection,the western region gradually overtook the eastern region to become the region with the biggest intra-group differences,and the gap between the western region and other regions is the main source of the overall differences in China.Improving the internal and external linkage and high-quality development level of the western region has become the top priority in forming a new pattern of regional coordinated development.(4)By constructing traditional and spatial Markov chains,the dynamic evolution and trend prediction of the territorial space development capacity under different scenarios are analyzed,and the dynamic response of the territorial space development capacity to various influencing variables is investigated by using panel quantile regression model.It is found that China’s territorial space development capacity has obvious characteristics of path dependence and spatial lock-in,which becomes more and more obvious with the decision makers’ preference changing from development to protection.The transfer of development capacity often occurs between adjacent grade types,and the probability of "jumping" transfer is small.In addition,the neighborhood background plays an important role in the dynamic evolution of the territorial space development capacity,and the territorial space development capacity between adjacent cities will be influenced by each other,and there is a phenomenon that "What’s near cinnabar goes red,and what’s next to ink turns black".From the perspective of long-term evolution,the development capacity level generally shows a trend of gathering from lowvalue range to high-value range.In terms of influencing factors,regional resources,urbanization level,industrial structure,scientific and technological level,population quality and opening-up degree all play a significant role in promoting the territorial space development capacity.Among them,the status of regional resources,urbanization level and the opening-up degree have a stronger promoting effect on areas with lower-level territorial space development capacity,while industrial structure,scientific and technological level and population quality have a greater marginal effect coefficient on cities with higher-level territorial space development capacity.(5)By introducing the minimum cumulative resistance model,the circuit theory model and the regional comparative advantage theory,the territorial space layout blueprint is quantitatively described,and the territorial space development strategy is put forward from three aspects " points-lines-polygons".The results show that the evolution trend of spatial distribution of central points tends to be consistent in different scenarios,and most of the central points are concentrated in the southeast of Hu Huanyong Line`.In general,the number of development axis has experienced a process from exponential growth to slow growth and gradual stability,and the distribution pattern has evolved from a bow-shaped development structure to a diamond-shaped spatial network structure.Among them,the coastal corridor,the Beijing-Harbin,Beijing-Guangzhou corridor and the along the Yangtze river corridor have always been the areas with the most concentrated distribution of central points,core axis and auxiliary axis,while the main positions of Beijing-Kunming corridor,Shanghai-Kunming corridor and QingdaoYinchuan corridor as key axis have gradually become prominent.With the evolution of the central point and development axis from a single-center decentralized structure to a multi-center network,the layout of strategic points also presents the characteristics of gathering along the coast,along the Yangtze river and along the major transportation arteries.Judging from the results of the division of dominant areas,most of the advantageous zone of urban construction and agricultural production capacity are concentrated in the southeast side of Hu Huanyong Line,while the northwest side is mainly the advantageous zone of ecological protection capacity.Based on the identification results of nodes and axis,this thesis condenses the territorial space layout blueprint of "five horizontals and three verticals,eight cores and three zones","four horizontals and three verticals,six cores and three zones" and "three horizontals and four verticals,five cores and three zones" under the scenarios of development priority,maintenance status and protection priority.