| Generally Artificial Intelligence is considered as an important sub discipline of Computer Science,under the influences of cybernetics?psychology?neurophysiology and computer science,born in the period which was from the late 40 s to the early 50 s in the last century.After the several heated debate and up-and-downs,some research programmes which are mutually competing and complementing had formed gradually since the 1980 s,simultaneously artificial intelligence was separated from the similar disciplines such as cognitive science?robotics from then,and became the core component of intelligence sciences which is a forward-looking discipline in this century.For this important rising discipline,there are no works on it done by the domestic historian using the historiography of science until now,but some existed foreign works mainly were presented as the popular science readings or scattered oral history record,other foreign reading materials were the parts of history of computer science or cognitive science as the sub field.Even though in the research of history of technology,there is some excellent books about the history of computer technology,but mainly focused on the hardware and programming languages.Normally artificial intelligence was described in the history of software because of its complexity in the origins,and often based on the actual detailed empirical problems,so the interactive relationship with the philosophy of mind?epistemology?psychology was smeared in these works.So at first based on the theory of research programmes proposed by Imre Lakatos,this dissertation intended to perform the historical reconstruction of artificial intelligence development from a view of diversified theories,in this process the article also centered on the development of artificial intelligence as an engineering discipline,and treated it as a history of empirical exploration.At the same time,in the context of understanding and implementing the natural intelligence,this dissertation relates the competence and interpretations among the internal research programmes to the relevant disciplines such as psychology?philosophy and cognitive science for detailed survey,and also provide the historical view on artificial intelligence which leverage the tradition of conceptual analysis and empirical positivism and avoid splitting of this subject with cognitive psychology or philosophy,also it explore the internal historical threads and dynamic mechanism of artificial intelligence development under the background of simulating natural intelligence and understanding human cognition.Secondly this text investigates the influence on artificial intelligence development exerted by the demand of commerce?military application and national rivalry from the external view,and also want to gain the clear idea of the theoretical and practical changes based on the dramatic impacts of Internet and Ubiquitous Computing development in shifty technical environment.In view of the great influences of the artificial intelligence on the society,the relation between human and high sophisticated artificial intelligence technology meet the challenges.It is difficult for human to make decisions about whether continue to promote artificial intelligence and how to develop it.So this paper attempts to reflect on artificial intelligence from the point view of technological hermeneutics.From this introspection we make clear that although this discipline is not matured,but the development and application of artificial intelligence has enough power to have a vast effect on society.So people should not give up controlling and warning the purpose and scope of the technological development because of the unfledged theory.Human should make such decisions: choosing the route of intelligence augmentation from the internal view and man-computer symbiosis in the external application situation.Simultaneously people should let the various stakeholders join in the whole process of designing technology by technological democratization,and finally reach our goal of contributing positively to the human well-being.This dissertation is divided into ten chapters.Chapter 1 mainly introduces the significance of historical study of artificial intelligence,and the current status of historical research in this field at home and abroad,also proposes the research idea and frame from a view of interdiscipline.Chapters 2 outlines the three research programmes in the history of artificial intelligence and analyze the difference among them roughly,so this will pave the way for later discussion.From Chapter 3 to Chapter 5,the text mainly describes the internal history of artificial intelligence.Chapter 3 summarizes the four intellectual traditions before the birth of artificial intelligence,including the Boolean tradition of mathematics and thought formalization ? the Babbage tradition of computer ? the tradition of cybernetics and psychology.Chapter 4 and 5 introduce the milestones?key research projects?key achievements in chronological order briefly,and so provide the basic background for the next discussion about the conflicts among the research programmes.Chapter 6 reviews the several important debates in the history of artificial intelligence.It depicts the competitions among the internal research programmes in the history of artificial intelligence and controversies inside or outside this discipline based on the analysis of original literature.Then it makes the historical exploration and detailed analyzing from the goal?technological route?fundamental beliefs and assumptions and relevant problems of philosophy of mind,so this explains the history of development of artificial intelligence more fully.Chapter 7 explores the debates among in these research programmes described in last chapter from the point view of problem transformations.And it also analyzes the theoretical and experience anomaly involved in the debates.We attempt to know whether this became the progressive or degenerating problem transformation,and how to become the problem transformation.So this will uncover the dynamical mechanism of theoretical development in the history of artificial intelligence to some extent.Chapter 8 focuses on interpreting the competitions of internal research programmes based on the outside changes which included the influence of commerce?military applications and national rivalry,this changes also happened in the technical environment such as Internet and Ubiquitous Computing.Chapter 9 reflects on artificial intelligence from the point view of technological philosophy based on the technological critical theory and technological scripts.And it attempts to form the humanistic understanding for this technology.So this will provide the full guide which included the views of technology?society and humanity under the dilemma of choosing the technological route.Chapter 10 as a conclusion of this dissertation summarizes the views presented in above chapters.It evaluates the differences between the current statuses with its goals in artificial intelligence,and states the dynamical mechanism of the history in this discipline.So it suggests that human should select the route of intelligence augmentation based on the man-computer symbiosis,and makes the application of artificial intelligence play an important role in contributing human well-being greatly by using technological democratization. |
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