Contemporary Science And Technology Proprietorship

Before the Big Science Program, scientific knowledge was in the public proprietorship, this norm is called Scientific Communism, technology intellectual property rights protected by the Patent Law, the two boundaries are clear and unambiguous. Scientific Communism is an important part of Merton’s scientific norm, this norm describes the Academic Science in public proprietorship, In Academic Science scientific community this norm was widespread adherence. With the changes of scientific practice and the development Philosophy of Science, Merton based essentialist normative research, have lost defense foundation both in theory and in fact. Thereafter many researchers try to remodeling the new scientific norms, such as J Ziman’s "Post-Academic Science", but these attempts did not sort out the current proprietorship of scientific and technical knowledge, the reason is the changing of scientific form caused the complicated situation of scientific and technological knowledge production.After Kuhn, the Praxis Philosophy of Science has become the mainstream of STS research; the Praxis Philosophy of Science believes all problems must return them to practice situations. This idea fits the Praxis Ethics, so this paper adopted Communitarianism to analysis the generation Scientific Communism establishment. On this basis, this paper pointed out, the logic of scientific practice determined only for open, the scientific knowledge could not development; the establishment of Scientific Communism was in order to protected scientific community information communication, such norms and community internal information communication systems formed together. The communication and information technology practice itself is closely related, so when IT changes, the norm has changed. The current outbreak of "Spring of Science" and "Open access" and other movement, was generated by this context.With the big science plan, the main objective of the scientific community shifted from theoretical studies to technical knowledge production. Due to technical knowledge had attribute factors of production, the scientific community has gradually integrated into the social production process, and become the core areas of technical knowledge R&D. To participate in the multi-subject, necessarily involves the power to govern the production and distribution and other issues, Just use Praxis Ethics research to explore such a complex context issue of scientific and technological knowledge proprietorship, has appeared to be inadequate. For further, this paper sort out the relationship between knowledge production and power scientific study of politics. In previous studies, Rouse inherited Bacon and Foucault’s ideas, emphasis on the importance of scientific practice, start from the history of patent law of, useing of economic and political vision, to analysis the technical knowledge ownership which scientific community produced. Firstly, sort out the development process of the Contemporary technical knowledge ownership, as well as "Bayh-Dole Act" as the representative of the "University of patent ownership" causes. Pointed out,In this process, the U.S. federal government promulgated the "Bayh-Dole Act" has also been clearly defined the property of technical knowledge which produced by scientific community. In reality, not only from a theoretical and national levels, considered the universities and research institutes as an important technological innovation place, while the scientific community was also actively involved in the process of contemporary innovation paradigm shift. Hence, the logic of capital had involved into the technical knowledge to practice which scientific community in the productized. To participate in the multi-subject, necessarily involves the power to govern the production and distribution and other issues, Just use Praxis Ethics research to explore such a complex context issue of scientific and technological knowledge proprietorship, has appeared to be inadequate. For further, this paper sort out the relationship between knowledge production and power scientific study of politics. In previous studies, Rouse inherited Bacon and Foucault’s ideas, emphasis on the importance of scientific practice, because the discipline of laboratory, made scientific knowledge as a kind of local knowledge; the dissemination process which scientific knowledge in the form of technology,depends on the "translation" from trained laboratory discipline members. Translation process pushed the discipline to whole society, and science obtained power from this process. Regrettable that, Rouse’s scientific political study emphasized on science through technology to expand and get contact with the outside world, and did not extend this idea to continue the discussion. In his existing discussions, always based on technical knowledge of local changes during the translation process as the core logic, and in fact once the technical knowledge involved into market, it will inevitably face of capital, the ruling logic of market economy. Therefore, this paper further turn their attention to Bernard, Bernard has tried to political economy perspective of planning for the future of scientific development, but the reality cannot be assumed, although the later development of the scientific community, as he expected, the impact of the big science down into the planning and management of the era, but presents a more complex situation. To deal with this complex situation, this paper does not continue Bernard’s "plan" type of research, but from the history of knowledge large-scale social production, use the economic and political vision, comprehended Rouse’s perspective, analyze the proprietorship of technical knowledge which contemporary scientific community produced.In other words, in order to promote technical knowledge into productivity, capital transferred part of the profit to the universities and research institutions, the reason behind it is precisely because of technical expertise in local migration process, scientific community has the power to participate in the social production process, changing the profit distribution process. With the advance of the bill, the bill impact on the scientific community gradually revealed, some university began applications intellectual property in the obscure field of science and technology, resulting in the alienation of the scientific community, the causes of this phenomenon is the logic of capital involved in the scientific communityIn summary, the scientific and technical research is a practice, praxis logic determines proprietorship of scientific and technical knowledge. The practice of scientific theory determines the knowledge must be open; this is the reason why Scientific Communism established, Scientific Communism and its contemporary development are closely related to scientific practice changes. With the big science plan, scientific community begin to produce of technical knowledge, technical knowledge as a factor of production and commodity, it became a logical connection between practice of science and capital, capital began to enter into the scientific community. The production process of technical knowledge determines that scientific community has special powers, therefore, part of the profits of capital had to transfer to universities and research institutions, driven by the logic of profit, the scientific community began a process of alienation.