Research On Ci School Of Changzhou In Metaphase And Anaphase

In the year of the reign of Emperor Jiajing of Qing Dynasty, the furious class confrontment of political and culture background brought about the naissance of ci school (metrical verse of uneven lengths) of Changzhou. Zhang huiyan, a Changzhou poor poet in order to reform the style of ci from the bawdry, turgidity and vulgarity in the reign of Kangxi and Qianlong and in order to use ci to express frame of mind of esquires by rule and line, he put the renascent theory of Gongyang about old scriptures applied to the research and inditement of ci and first advocated that ci was as important as poetry and it may use metaphor and "expression one's feelings by literary means" to convey hidden bitterness, which turned on the new page of ci history. Later on Zhou ji who amended and developed his theory, did his utmost to. advocate expression one's feelings by literary means and then impelled ci school of Changzhou became the major school in contemporary ci schools. In metaphase, Tan xian> Chen tingzhuo and other poets went on to consummate the theory of expression one's feelings by literary means. Jiang chunling> Duan mucai and other poets derived pabulum from Zhe xi school and Wu zhong school and reformed the school deficiency hi the course of the school developing. Till the time of "Four Famous Poets", ci school of Changzhou coruscated not only hi the theory but also in the inditement practices and laid the foundation for the continuous development of ci in colloquialism literature times. Ci school of Changzhou's inditements were most remarkable in metaphase and anaphase. Many poets used then: different characteristic inditement, which reflected times changes and frame of mind of esquires from Opium War to the beginning years of 20th century and they breathed together with the fate of the country and the people. This dissertation first advances that there are two camps called "scholasticism" and "reformism" in metaphase and anaphase and distinguishes that "ci school of Lingui"(or called Jiangcun school) belongs to the anaphase ci school of Changzhou, but included more contents. It also verifies the extractions, official lives, friends and the detailed year of writings of five important authors such as Duan mucai, Zhuang yu, Tan xian, Feng xu and Zhu zumou.