Association Between Mobile Phone Addiction And Sleep Disorders And The Connective Effect Of Gut Microbiota Among College Students

ObjectiveTo understand the current state of mobile phone addiction(MPA)and sleep disorders(SD)among college students,to investigate the causal relationship between them,and to explore potentially modifiable factors;and to further clarify the relationship between MPA and SD and intestinal microbiota as well as the role of gut microbiota in the connection between MPA and SD.MethodsPart1: A longitudinal observational strategy was used in this investigation.A total of 1226 freshman were surveyed between September and October of 2020.The individuals’ general demographic information,exercise habits,MPA,and SD were all collected using a standardized electronic questionnaire,and a follow-up survey was completed one year later.Constitution ratio is used to describe qualitative data,whereas mean and standard deviation were used to represent quantitative data.To compare the difference of scale scores of MPA and SD among various demographic factors,the Student ’t test or an analysis of variance was utilized.This study applied a cross-lagged model and fixed effect model to confirm the causal association between MPA and SD and carried out a stratified analysis of important confounding factors.Part2: This study utilized a prospective research design.99 college students who matched the inclusion requirements were enlisted in April 2021.The same questionnaire was used to collect the general demographic information,diet pattern,antibiotics use,MPA,and SD of all participants.We completed the follow-up survey and stool sample collection two months later.The 16 S rRNA amplicon sequencing was used to examine the gut microbiota.To compare the difference of scale scores of MPA and SD among various demographic factors,the Student ’t test or an analysis of variance was utilized.The Wilcoxon rank-sum test was used to assess the difference in alpha diversity between the groups with and without MPA as well as between the groups with decreasing and increasing SD.The associations between baseline MPA and follow-up alpha diversity,as well as between alpha diversity and altered SD were investigated using linear regression.The difference in beta-diversity across groups were assessed using PERMANOVA,Principal Coordinate Analysis(PCoA),and Partial Least Squares Discriminant Analysis(PLS-DA).The adjusted linear regression was utilized to explore the associations between MPA,the relative abundance of taxa and functional pathway,and SD.ResultsPart1: There were 1186 participants in all,with a mean age of 18.08 ± 2.219 years and a 47.7% male gender distribution.The rates of MPA detection at the baseline and followup stages were 26.6% and 52.5%,respectively,while the rates of SD detection were 6.5%and 15.9%,respectively.The results of the paired t-test revealed that all scales’ follow-up scores were significantly improved compared with the scores of the baseline scale scores(MPA: t=-12.958,P<0.001;SD: t=-9.127,P<0.001).The cross-lag model suggests that there is a significantly bidirectional association between MPA and SD.It was discovered that the two-way association between MPA and SD vanished and that there was an inverse relationship between them after a stratified analysis of daily physical activity duration.After stratified analysis of daily physical exercise duration,it was found that the bidirectional relationship between MPA and SD disappeared.Part2: A total of 99 subjects were included in the study,with an average age of 20.10 ±0.631 years,60.6% of whom were women,and 76.8% of the subjects liked a balanced diet.The results of linear regression analysis showed that the baseline MPA was significantly associated with the decrease of alpha diversity in follow-up.There was a slight and significant association of composition of gut microbiota with MPA and altered SD.Additionally,MPA had a negative association with the relative abundance of Bacteroidetes,Bacteroidia,and Bacteroidales(β =-0.027,P = 0.042,q = 0.085-0.189),and a positive association with the relative abundance of Actinobacteria(β = 0.030,P =0.023,q = 0.085-0.165)and Bifidobacteriales(β = 0.030,P = 0.022,q = 0.189).In contrast,Actinobacteria was negatively associated with increased SD(β =-0.558,P =0.042,q = 0.168).ConclusionsMPA and SD are common among college students and have a high growth trend.There is a significant bidirectional association between MPA and SD,which also has gender differences.Daily exercise duration may be an important modifiable factor to break the bidirectional association.MPA can lead to short-term decrease in alpha diversity,change in microbial community structure and in the abundance of some core species richness.The change in community structure of the microbiota is also slightly associated with the worsening of SD,and the relative abundance of Actinobacteria is negatively correlated with the worsening of SD.This study found that MPA may promote the development of SD by affecting the alpha and beta diversity of gut microbiota,as well as the relative abundance of Bacteroidetes,Actinobacteria,and their members.