Study On Optimization Of The Layout Of Micro Fire Stations In Historical And Cultural Towns

Historical and cultural town is one of the key elements of China’s cultural heritage protection.In recent years,more and more people take historical and cultural towns as their travel destinations,which leads to the contradiction between the cultural tourism industry of historical and cultural towns and the carrying capacity of the original micro fire stations,resulting in prominent fire hazards,and once a fire occurs,the economic and cultural losses are incalculable,which is the common problem facing the fire safety of historical and cultural towns nowadays.At the present stage,the research related to historical and cultural towns mainly focuses on two aspects,namely historical development background analysis and spatial pattern protection,but there is little research on fire risk assessment and micro fire station layout optimization for historical and cultural towns.Therefore,it is of great practical significance to construct a scientific and perfect fire risk evaluation model and micro-fire station siting model for the sustainable development of historic and cultural towns.Accordingly,this study analyzes the causes of spatial layout of historical and cultural towns through literature reading and field research,explores the distribution of fire hazards in historical and cultural towns under different spatial layouts,and finds out the special characteristics and difficulties of fire risks in historical and cultural towns;secondly,based on the causes of formation,composition,special characteristics of fire risks and difficulties of fire fighting in historical and cultural towns,and combined with previous studies,we summarize The fire risk evaluation system that meets the reality of historical and cultural towns is summarized,and the weights of relevant indicators are calculated by using hierarchical analysis;then,the fire risk visualization of historical and cultural towns is realized by using the kernel density analysis and weighted superposition analysis in ArcGIS spatial analysis;finally,the fire risk evaluation results are used as a guide to complete the layout optimization of historical and cultural towns by combining the minimum facility model and the maximum coverage model.Finally,the layout optimization of micro fire stations in historical and cultural towns was completed by combining the minimum facility model and maximum coverage model.The main conclusions of the study are as follows:(1)The plan layout of Zhaohwa ancient city is piecewise,the ancient town as a whole presents a grid and multi-level spatial layout,the roads inside the ancient town are intertwined and show the characteristics of parallel axial development,which should focus on preventing the plots away from the main roads.Zhaohwa ancient city contains many historical and cultural neighborhoods with many cultural preservation units;densely populated,mostly elderly,with gas-based fires and electricity-based fires;the buildings in the streets are mainly residential,with 1-2 floors,and the majority of the building materials are wood,with poor construction quality and close spatial distribution,making it easy for fires to spread rapidly around.The construction and management of firefighting facilities in Zhaohwa Old Town are not in place,with one existing community-level micro-fire station,partially destroyed fire hydrants,blocked evacuation roads and lack of necessary signage,lack of daily fire drills and lectures,and a lack of fire prevention awareness and necessary fire fighting knowledge.(2)Combining the specificity of fire risk and firefighting difficulties in Zhahua Old Town,a fire risk evaluation system was constructed using hierarchical analysis and the weights of the impact indicators were calculated.The system was divided into two levels,with three primary indicators,namely: regional environment(0.655),firefighting infrastructure(0.250),and fire safety management(0.095);and 16 secondary indicators,of which the regional environment contains: Number of buildings(0.024),building height(0.036),gas load(0.137),cultural relic protection units(0.337),buildings with poor fire resistance(0.306),electricity load(0.096),and population(0.063);and under fire prevention infrastructure:micro fire stations(0.034),emergency shelters(0.294),fire hydrants(0.117),number of signs(0.492),and road density(0.063);fire safety management contains: inspection points(0.047),fire drill points(0.104),fire safety bulletin boards(0.262),and fire monitoring(0.586).After calculating the weights,the kernel density analysis and weighted superposition analysis tools in ArcGIS were used to spatially analyze the indicators at each level and assign weights to the corresponding layers,and finally visualize the fire risk in Zhaohwa Old Town through weighted superposition.The area of Zhaohwa Ancient City with medium fire risk or higher was calculated to be 487,535.16 m2,accounting for 70.91% of the total area of the study area.These areas are scattered,with the northeast and southwest sides of the old city being the most concentrated,where the existing micro-fire stations are far away and the road density is low,making it impossible for fire rescue to arrive within 3 min(the fastest speed of a fire motorcycle is 30 km/h,taking into account the actual weight and road congestion);at the same time,the building function here is mainly residential,with a small building spacing.The spatial layout is closer and the street continuity is better,so once a fire occurs,it will spread quickly.(3)Using the satellite map to depict the building plan,determine the firefighting demand point through the element turning point,then determine the principle of micro fire station construction through the relevant specification,and use ArcGIS buffer zone analysis to determine the satellite fire station candidate point.On this basis,combined with the minimum facility model,it is calculated that at least 3 micro fire stations are needed to cover all the fire demand points,adhering to the principles of safety,economy and originality,four micro fire station optimization schemes are proposed,and the maximum coverage model is used to calculate the coverage area of each scheme for medium and high fire risks,and finally the optimal scheme of micro fire station layout in Zhaohwa ancient city is determined as follows: remove the original micro fire stations and add 3 new micro fire stations.The micro fire stations under this layout plan achieved 78% coverage of the area in the ancient city of Zhahua,72.7% coverage of medium and high fire risks,and 18.59% cross-response coverage,meeting most of the demand points in the ancient city of Zhahua within the 3min time constraint,basically realizing the micro fire stations "save early" and "extinguish small".The goal of "saving early","extinguishing small" and "arriving at the scene in three minutes" was achieved.The specific locations of the optimized micro fire stations are: at the intersection of Jinniu Street and the west side of the outer ring road,at the intersection of Taishou Street and the east side of the outer ring road,and at Gongji Gate.