Ecosystem Services Assessment From The Perspective Of Coupled Social-ecological System

Based on the perspective of social-ecological system,evaluating ecosystem services and measuring the trade-offs and synergies between those services play a vital role in regional sustainable development,ecological security,and human well-being.They also have theoretical and practical significance for ecosystem services research and national park planning and management.In order to promote the management of ecosystem services in nature reserves and improve human well-being,this paper took Potatso National Park in Shangri La as the research area.With the help of Sol VES model,In VEST model,and geoscience spatial analysis methods,We used questionnaire data and multisource spatial data to analyze the spatial patterns of social values of ecosystem services in Potatso National Park.And then,we compared the result with social values in Pike and San Isabel(PSI)National Forests.In addition,the spatial patterns and changes of typical ecosystem services such as habitat quality,carbon storage,and water yield in Potatso National Park were assessed.Last,we revealed the spatial trade-off relationship between perceived biodiversity value and habitat quality and relationship between social values and ecological values.The results show that:(1)According to the value index,the order of perceived importance of social values in Potatso National Park is recreation,cultural,biodiversity,future,historical,spiritual,therapeutic,aesthetic,learning,life sustaining,intrinsic,and economic.Among them,the hotspots of aesthetic value,perceived biodiversity value,cultural value,and recreational value are concentrated in the Sudu Lake,Bitahai Lake Nature Reserve,scenic areas around Nabohai Lake,and picturesque areas along the park’s roads;those values have a negative link with DTR and DTW,and have a positive link with elevation;although those value indexes of forest land and grassland with moderate coverage achieve a maximum,the value index of cultural value in lakes and adjacent regions is also relatively high.(2)The maximum value index in Potatso National Park is recreation value,while respondents in PSI National Forests have a strong preference for aesthetic value.The hotspots of Potatso National Park’s three social values exhibit a "multi-core and multistrip" spatial pattern.In turn,the hotspots of PSI National Forests’ s three social values present a "multi-core but scattered and single-strip" geographical distribution;Three social values with a high degree of preference in Potatso National Park are adjacent to water bodies or roads,with an altitude of more than 3600 meters.In contrast,PSI National Forests’ s three social values are close to the water bodies but far away from the road and in the high-altitude area.(3)First,the habitat quality index in Potatso National Park is high in the central,southern,and northeastern regions and low in the western and eastern regions.In addition,the high-value areas of habitat quality are found in forest land and grassland in the mountainous area,while the low-value areas are found in the valley and plain areas.Second,the proportion of carbon storage in relatively high and high is 75.83%,accounting for about three-quarters of Potatso National Park,and the spatial characteristics of carbon storage are mainly affected by the current land use situation,with high landscape fragmentation and "patch" distribution.Third,the high-value areas of water yield are mainly located in the northeast and middle of the park,and the annual average precipitation of the two places is about 600 mm.In contrast,the low-value areas of water yield are relatively concentrated,located in the Niru River Valley.(4)The high-level stage is the coupling degree between perceived biodiversity value and habitat quality.The coupling ordination degree of perceived biodiversity value and habitat quality is the middle-level stage of good coordination,whose coupling coordination category is the social lag ecotype.In addition,social-ecological hotspots are concentrated in the park’s southwest(producing a "single strip" distribution pattern)and distributed in the northeast.In contrast,the social-ecological coldspots are relatively concentrated,mainly located in the east of the park(the Niru River’s lower reaches)(5)First,the hotspots of social value exhibit a "multi-core and multi-strip" spatial pattern as well,with an 8.6 of social value index(the index ranges from 1 to 10).In addition,the distance to water bodies contributes the most to the social value(45.9%).Second,relatively high and high spatial range of ecological value accounts for half of the park area(49.91%),mainly located in Bitahai Lake area and Zano area in the northeast of Niru with well-preserved virgin forest.Third,there is a significant spatial dependence between social value and value and a significant spatial negative correlation between them.Besides,the areas with low social value but high ecological value are the main spatial aggregation characteristics of the park.In conclusion,in the context of protected areas(PAs),evaluating and quantifying ecosystem services plays a vital role in the planning of national parks and provides a sufficient scientific basis for reconstructing the theoretical framework of ecosystem services and biodiversity,sustainable management of ecosystem services and protect biodiversity.