| Ecosystem services（ES）are the benefits that humans obtain from ecosystems.They are closely related to human well-being.The Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau is not only the hotspot of ecosystem services supply,but also the sensitive area because of climate change.Ecosystem functions and ecosystem services have been degraded due to climate change and land use change on the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau in recent years.The main purpose of this study is to clarify the driving factors of ecosystem services and the relationships between ecosystem services.This study seeks to answer what measures can be taken to improve ecosystem services.It is necessary for realizing the sustainable development of ecosystem services in the alpine regions.Based on the data of land use,soil and climate,we first used models of ecosystem services to evaluate the spatial-temporal patterns of food supply,nitrogen（N）retention,phosphorus（P）retention,soil retention,water yield and water retention in 2000,2005,2010 and 2010 in Hainan and Haibei Tibetan Autonomous Prefecture on the northeastern Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau.We further evaluated the spatial-temporal patterns of ecosystem multiserviceability（EMS）,and revealed the impacts of climate and land use changes on ecosystem services and ecosystem multiserviceability changes from 2000 to 2015.Next,we analyzed the trade-offs and synergies among ecosystem services.Finally,we analyzed the relationship between forage supply service and plant community diversity based on alpine grassland plant community survey data.The main results are as follows:（1）In 2000,2005,2010 and 2015,the total amount of food supply and N retention increased in Hainan and Haibei,while inter-annual fluctuations of P retention,soil retention,water yield and water retention were observed.The hotspot of ecosystem multiserviceability in 2000 was concentrated in Menyuan County and the northern Qinghai Lake,and in 2005,2010 and 2015 was concentrated in the northern Qinghai Lake and the southern edge of Hainan.（2）The spatial patterns of ecosystem services and ecosystem multiserviceability changes in absolute values in the period 2000-2015 were different.The effects of temperature and precipitation changes on changes in food supply,N retention,P retention,water yield,water retention and ecosystem multiserviceability varied with land use change.Meanwhile,the effect of precipitation change on soil retention change also varied with land use change.（3）The trade-offs and synergies among ecosystem services were different over time.There were trade-offs between soil retention and N retention,soil retention and P retention in 2005 and 2010 in Hainan and Haibei.There was trade-off between soil retention and N retention in 2015 in Hainan and Haibei.In grassland,there was tradeoff between water retention and soil retention in 2000,and there were trade-offs between soil retention and N retention,soil retention and P retention,water retention and soil retention,water retention and food supply in 2005,2010 and 2015.（4）Compared with 2015,food supply,N retention and P retention decreased by5.5%,0.4% and 0.9% respectively in the land use scenario of returning slope farmland to grassland,while soil retention,water yield and water retention increased by 0.03%,0.2% and 0.1% respectively.Compared with 2015,food supply decreased by 3.2% in the land use scenario of returning sloping farmland to grassland while promoting grassland restoration,while N retention,P retention,soil retention,water yield and water retention increased by 6.1%,6.1%,0.8%,3.2% and 8.5% respectively.（5）The forage production of alpine grassland increased with increasing species richness and Shannon diversity.And the forage production,species richness and Shannon diversity increased with increase in silt content.The spatial turnover in forage production was positively correlated with S（?）rensen dissimilarity（rho = 0.3）,species replacement（rho = 0.1）and richness difference（rho = 0.15）.When controlling for abiotic factors such as geographic distance,climate distance and soil distance,the correlation coefficients between spatial turnover in forage production and S（?）rensen dissimilarity ranged from 0.25 to 0.29.Among geographic distance,climate distance and soil distance,the species replacement had the strongest correlation with geographic distance（rho = 0.28）,and richness difference was only associated with soil distance（rho = 0.29）.Overall,there are different spatial-temporal patterns of ecosystem services and multiserviceability from 2000 to 2015 in Hainan and Haibei,Qinghai Province.The effects of climate change on ecosystem services and multiserviceability changes vary with land use change.The trade-offs and synergies among ecosystem services vary with time and among different research objects.Reducing sloping cropland and restoring grassland can realize synergistic development of multiple ecosystem services.There is a synergistic relationship between forage supply service and plant community diversity,and improving soil properties could improve ecosystem services in alpine grassland. |
PDF Full Text Request