| In wetland ecosystem,wetland waterbird diversity is an indicator of wetland ecosystem health,and plays an important role in wetland quality monitoring and ecosystem material and energy cycle.Therefore,by continuously monitoring the dynamics and distribution pattern of waterbird community in wetland ecosystem,on the one hand,it can provide an effective reference for the protection of waterbirds;on the other hand,it can also provide scientific basis for wetland environmental protection and management.From the winter of 2019 to the winter of 2021,the species,number and distribution pattern of waterbirds in the Zhangye national wetland park were continuously monitored using the transect method,the sample point method and the direct counting method,and the warning distance of waterbirds was also investigated.Based on the analysis of the diversity of waterbirds in the wetland park,the warning distance of waterbirds,the environmental factors and the influence of human disturbance on the warning distance of waterbirds,this paper puts forward some suggestions for the protection and management of the Zhangye National Wetland Park.The main findings are as follows:(1)Through three-year of continuous monitoring,43 species of waterbirds were detected in Zhangye National Wetland Park,belonging to 7 orders,13 families and 28 genera,accounting for 70.00%,65.00% and 32.33% of 133 species in 10 orders,20 families in Gansu Province,respectively.A total of 21 species of summer migratory birds were investigated,accounting for 48.84% of the surveyed species.There were 6 resident birds,accounting for 13.95% of the surveyed species.There were 24 species of migratory birds,accounting for 55.81% of the total.Two species of winter migratory birds accounted for 4.65% of the surveyed species(Table 1).Among them,27 species of palaearctic birds account for62.79%;3 species of Oriental birds,accounting for 6.98%;13 species were widely distributed,accounting for 30.23%.(2)The monitoring results of waterbird species and quantity show that the species and quantity of waterbird gradually increase from January to March,increase to the peak and then decrease,gradually decrease to the lowest value in June and July,gradually increase from August to November and increase to the second peak.The species of waterbird rise to a higher value in March,April and may of spring migration period,and in September and may of autumn migration period It also increased to its maximum in October and November.The species and number of waterbird show significant differences with the change of seasons,and the fluctuation range of spring and autumn is small,indicating that the difference is not significant,and there are abundant species and large numbers of waterbird;The fluctuation range in summer and winter is small,and the difference is not significant.The species and number of waterbird show a downward trend compared with other seasons;The species and number of waterbird in spring and autumn are more than that in summer and winter.The community structure of waterbird in different seasons has obvious seasonal differentiation,and the principal component scores in different seasons are scattered in different areas of three-dimensional space.(3)The shannon-Wiener diversity index and Simpson diversity index were higher in February,March and April in spring,August in summer,and September and October in autumn.The months with large Pielou evenness index are February,April and May in spring,August in summer and October in autumn.The larger months of Berger-Parker dominance index and Simpson dominance index are June and July in summer and November and December in winter.(4)One-way ANOVA showed that there were significant or extremely significant differences in the warning distance,tolerance distance and flaring distance of waterbirds in different lakes(warning distance: F=73.735,P<0.001;Tolerance distance: F=111.649,P<0.001;Flaring distance: F=3.381,P<0.05);There were significant or extremely significant differences in warning distance,tolerance distance and flashover distance among different seasons(warning distance: F=47.948,P< 0.001;Tolerance distance: F=71.498,P<0.001;Starching distance: F=3.495,P<0.05).(5)The results of Pearson correlation analysis showed that there was a significant negative correlation between the warning distance and the species and number of waterbirds.Tolerance distance and startle distance were negatively correlated with the number of waterbirds.There was no significant correlation between the warning distance of waterbirds and the distance to the nearest entrance,the length of plank road,the length of sightseeing road,reed area,lake perimeter,water area and island area(P>0.05),but had a very significant correlation with the number of tourists(r=-0.321,P<0.01).Body length and warning distance of waterbirds(r=0.545,P=0.001<0.01),tolerance distancehad significant positive correlation(r=0.459,P=0.042< 0.05);There was no significant correlation between body length and flight distance of waterbirds(r=0.100,P=0.723<0.05).Future development planning of Wetland Park should pay equal attentions on eco-tourism and environmental protection as well,people and birds coexist.On the premise of not damaging the ecological environment and not losing the diversity of waterfowl,the eco-tourism should be developed properly according to local conditions.At the same time,should control the noise of motor vehicles,engineering vehicles into the park.It is suggested that some transitional buffer zones,such as reed barriers,should be set up around the open areas such as boardwalks and roads,where tourists are more active,so as to provide artificial barriers for waterfowl to protect themselves,in order to alleviate the recreation disturbance on the water birds caused by stress alert behavior.In addition,it is suggested that the wetland park management department should continue to carry out scientific research,publicity and education in order to achieve the unified care and coordinated development of eco-tourism and species protection. |
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