| Bats（Chiroptera）are unique among mammals due to their power flight abilities,echolocation and nocturnal activity,and the fact that they carry many parasites and carriers of the virus.Bats are the main controllers of nocturnal insects,which play an important role in maintaining the stability of the ecosystem,dispersal of seeds and pollen,etc.,and are closely related to human beings.Therefore,bats are a special animal group that we must face seriously.Most of the existing studies on bats in Henan Province have focused mainly on the cave-dwelling bats in mountainous areas,while the house-dwelling bats have not been studied yet.In addition,some species,such as Myotis pequinius and Nyctalus aviator,have been documented to be distributed in Henan,but they have not been found after years of investigation.Therefore,they need to be verified.Up to now,the species,number,habitat diversity and threatened factors of Chiroptera in Henan Province are not fully understood.Bat populations have been in sharp decline in recent years due to habitat destruction,direct human interference,the use of pesticides and the development of natural caves.From May2017 to November 2019,the diversity of bats has carried on the detailed study of henan province with the aim of studying the species and habitat diversity of bats in Henan Province,exploring the relationship between habitat and bats,and evaluating the importance of habitat and interference degree,discussing the factors of the bats are threatened,putting forward the protection strategy of science,on the basis of the bat habitat conditions,the relationship between the bats and habitats are discussed;Based on the Max Ent model,the potential habitats of 8 species of bats were predicted.Through investigation and interview,the threat factors of bats were identified,and the corresponding protection strategies were formulated.The results are as follows:1.More than 25,000 bat individuals were recorded in this survey,belonging to 24 species,10 genera,3 families.Among them,Nyctalus plancyi was a new record in Henan Province.According to the literatures,there are 28 species,10 genera and 3 families in Henan Province,accounting for 20.74% of the total number of Chiroptera in China.The largest number of species are Vespertilionidae（20 species）,Rhinolophidae（7species）,and Hipposideridae（1 species）.According to the "Red List of Vertebrates of China",there are 2vulnerable（VU）species,accounting for 7.1% of the total number of species,and 13 endangered（NT）species,accounting for 46.4%.There are 11 non-endangered（LC）species,accounting for 39.3% of the total species,and 3 species are endemic to China.2.The 28 species of bats distributed in Henan Province,11 species were from the Oriental kingdom,accounting for 39.3% of the total species.7 Palaearctic species,accounting for 25% of the total species.10 widely distributed species,accounting for 35.7% of the total species.Henan Province is located in the transition zone between the Oriental and Palaearctic boundaries,and the Chiroptera fauna in this region has obvious mixed transition characteristics.3.According to the physical geographical conditions and the composition,quantity,distribution and fauna of bats in Henan Province,Henan Province was divided into five zoogeographical provinces,among them,zoogeographical distribution of the hilly basin in the southern part of Funiu Mountain in western Henan Province and zoogeographical distribution of Tongbai-Dabie Mountain’s Forest has the highest species diversity,there are 14 species distribution respectively,and zoogeographical distribution of Taihang Mountain in northwest Henan for 12 species,10 species of bats were distributed in zoogeographical distribution of the hilly terrain of Funiu Mountain in western Henan,while only 6 species of bats were distributed in zoogeographical distribution of Huanghuaihai Plain in eastern Henan Province.4.According to the evaluation of the caves,54 caves were divided into four levels,and five of them were rated as Level 1,with 14 species of bats home to more than 8,900 bats.There are 12 caves rated level2,with 10 species of bats and more than 7,000 bats.There are 20 Level 3 caves,with 10 species of bats and more than 4,300 bats.There are 17 caves rated 4,with more than 390 bats from eight species.5.Twenty-five caves were heavily disturbed,accounting for 46.3% of the total.Ten caves were mildly disturbed,accounting for 18.52% of the total.Nineteen caves are in a natural state,accounting for35.2 percent of the total.6.The main threat factors of cave bats are the exploitation and utilization of caves,and human activities seriously disturb the survival of bats.The activities of offering sacrifices,exploring,and getting bat dung in caves affect the normal survival of bats.Direct loss of habitat due to plugging of caves,dumping of refuse into caves,or natural collapse of caves;Construction and ore mining around caves lead to bat population decline or migration.Out of superstition,curiosity and other psychology,humans drive away and kill bats in caves,which will directly lead to the reduction of bat number and species.7.In hilly and plain areas,the main threat factors for bats are that the concrete bungalow gradually replaces the old brick and tile structure house,which is difficult to provide bats with secluded habitat.The abuse of insecticides not only resulted in the reduction of the food sources of bats,but also caused the adverse effects of pesticide residues on the growth and development of bat larvae.Bats are often hunted or hunted by humans;Light and noise from urban roads and other places can cause disturbance to bat activities.8.Based on the Max Ent model,19 climatic factors and altitude were used to predict the distribution of 8 species of bats in Henan Province.The AUC values of 5 species of bats were all greater than 0.7,indicating high reliability.The AUC values of the other 3 species were less than 0.6,indicating low reliability and unsuitable for use.The results showed that altitude,rainfall in the wettest and driest months had great effects on bat distribution.Xinyang,Nanyang and other places are the most bats suitable areas,the species richness is higher.9.A total of 1098 people were surveyed and 978 valid questionnaires were collected.The effective rate was 89.07%,with urban residents accounting for 39.44% and rural residents accounting for 60.56%.People have little knowledge about bats,and more than 45% of their knowledge comes from media reports,but more than 70% of people hold a supportive attitude towards bat protection.The protection of species is basically the mainstream trend,but it needs to strengthen the publicity and popularization of relevant knowledge,improve the regulations and supervision policies. |
