Study On The Characteristics And Evolution Of Modern Gardens In Kunming(1840-1949)

Kunming is located in the southwest of China.It has different historical development veins from ancient times to the Central Plains.Since the opening of commercial ports,great changes have taken place in Kunming: the conflict and blending of eastern and Western ideas formed the modern "park system" of Kunming under the influence of the theory of "Garden City".The collision of different artistic styles creates the unique characteristics of Kunming gardens and leaves valuable wealth for Kunming gardens.Aiming at the problems of the ancient city pattern,the disappearance of cultural monuments and the decomposition of modern gardens in the process of urban development in Kunming,this thesis takes the modern historical gardens in Kunming as the research object,uses the logical methods of historical data research,field investigation and classification induction-characteristic summary-deductive analysis to make in-depth research on the following contents:(1)The classification and case study;(2)The characteristics;(3)The evolution of Kunming's modern gardens.The intention is to excavate and sort out the unique landscape art features and evolution of Kunming in modern times,and to contribute to the follow-up work of landscape heritage protection.Finally,on the basis of historical materials and case studies,it is concluded that:(1)Kunming's modern gardens have formed the structural distribution characteristics of "two axes,three rings and multi-area".Their styles are integrated with the west,and the traditional gardening techniques and local characteristics are integrated in the aspects of overlapping mountains,arranging rivers and flower and wood buildings.At the same time,gardens carry social,civic,educational and commercial activities.These characteristics are influenced by many factors,such as natural humanities,political power,and different garden ideas in China and the West.(2)Kunming modern gardens experienced five historical stages: Emergence(1840-1910),Development(1911-1921),Prosperity(1922-1937),Stationary(1938-1945),and Recession(1946-1949).Evolution shows that: Kunming modern public gardens are the mainstream gardens,forming a whole park system;private gardens are rising in large numbers;temple gardens are decreasing year by year,and garden space is gradually transformed or disappeared,but some classical gardens are still retained to this day;Campus gardens not only to have the combination of Chinese and Western gardens which grew up locally,but also have the frugal campus landscape during the Anti-Japanese War.