Research On Shandong Disasters In Late Qing Dynasty

Natural disasters occurred frequently in the last 72 years of the late Qing Dynasty from 1840 to 1911.In the first chapter,this paper makes a brief analysis of several common disasters,such as drought,flood,Huangyun flood,wind disaster,hail disaster,earthquake,plague,tidal disaster and so on.The destructive power of flood,drought and flood is the strongest,and the probability of drought is as high as 97%,with an average of 17 counties per year,which can be called the first major disaster in Shandong in the late Qing Dynasty.Ding Wuqi wasteland during Guang Xu's time.During the three years from 1876 to 1878,the disaster occurred in 234 prefectures and counties,with a population loss of nearly 2 million.Floods and floods were also extremely destructive disasters.Especially when the Yellow River was diverted in 1855,the floods in the four provinces,especially in Jiangsu and Anhui provinces,were basically concentrated in one province in Shandong Province.in that year,more than 7000 disasters were caused by more than six points,and more than 7 million victims were affected.Based on the comprehensive analysis,it is concluded that the natural disasters in Shandong in the late Qing Dynasty have the following characteristics: first,all kinds of disasters occur frequently and have great destructive power.Second,disasters occur in large numbers,and all kinds of disasters often occur at the same time.Third,all kinds of disasters show obvious characteristics of temporal and spatial distribution.Fourth,there are obvious periods of calm and fade.Fifth,"natural disaster theory" and "man-made disaster theory" coexist.Several disasters are divided into three categories,the first category,earthquake,tide disaster,wind disaster,hail disaster.Caused by "natural disasters",and the frequency is increasing.The second category is flood and drought.The occurrence of these two kinds of disasters is directly caused by precipitation,which is also a "natural disaster",but the occurrence frequency is relatively stable compared with the previous period,and does not show an obvious accelerating trend.The average occurrence of droughts and floods in the whole Qing Dynasty was 1.2 years and 1.1 years,while in the 72 years of the late Qing Dynasty,there were 70 droughts,an average of 1.0 years,and 68 floods,with an average of 1.1 years.The third category is the Huangyun flood.The impact of "man-made disasters" is particularly serious,which is the most different from the early disasters in the late Qing Dynasty.The floods occurred frequently in the late Qing Dynasty,the river officials cut corners and pocketed their own pockets,which led to serious corruption,the river workers gradually collapsed,and the river crevices became more frequent.In the whole Qing Dynasty,the Huangyun flood in Shandong occurred once in 2.3 years on average,and it happened once in 1.8 years in the late Qing Dynasty.In order to better understand the internal causes of the deterioration of river engineering in the late Qing Dynasty,this paper focuses on the two division of river affairs before and after the Qing Dynasty.From the reign of Yongzheng,the river affairs was divided into three parts to the diversion of the Yellow River in the late Qing Dynasty,and the governor of Shandong was forced to manage the river officials at the same time.Two main lines began around the river affairs in Shandong,one is the struggle between the new and old ways of the central government,and the other is the continuous expansion of the disaster situation in Shandong.Finally,during the reign of Guang Xu,the new Taoist school overwhelmed the old way school.The river management in Shandong Province has become localized,and the endless cycle of continuous improvement of dikes but frequent breaches has come to an end.After the diversion of the Yellow River,the river affairs of Shandong were basically abandoned,which essentially reflected the chaos of the river affairs system,the expansion of local power and the difference in the status of the two provinces of Jiangsu and Shandong.In particular,the status changes of the two provinces are interlaced with the background of difficult water transport,national transport crisis,and Daxing westernization.No matter which major event,unfortunately,Shandong River Affairs has never been the one in the priority position,which doomed the tragedy of river affairs in the late Qing Dynasty.Maybe it was doomed to the collapse of Shandong river affairs from the time of the division of river affairs in the late Qing Dynasty.Finally,it introduces several important effects of disasters on the society at that time,first of all,the direct impact.On the one hand,frequent disasters led to a sharp decrease in local population and a decrease in population growth rate,and the areas with high frequency of natural disasters in Shandong in the late Qing Dynasty are often the areas with the highest population density.On the other hand,Shandong is "small and densely populated",and disasters frequently make it difficult to survive."displaced people" have no choice but to carry out population migration.From the point of view of the direction of migration,The long distance is "going to Guandong" and "going to Guanzhong",which has greatly promoted the local development,alleviated the population pressure of the places where they moved out,and promoted the spiritual and cultural exchanges between Shandong and the places where they moved in.The short distance is to avoid floods or be attracted by relief,deltas and other reasons.With the continuous expansion of the scale of the "displaced people",the Qing government was unable to relieve the disaster but forbade the movement of the victims,forcing them to return to their places of origin,enduring hunger and waiting to die,thus intensifying the inherent social contradictions and making the originally stable social relations maladjusted.If people are organized and used again,farmers in danger will rise up to fight back,social riots and riots occur frequently,and the struggle between the army,bandits,and anti-donation and anti-tax arises.