International System For Solving Climate Changes

The process of industrialization in developed countries has polluted much greenhouse gases that account for 90%of the total global carbon emissions.This directly caused global climate change and a series of vicious harms.The increase of global temperatures has led to a reduction of precipitation in tropical countries,a sharp drop of agricultural production and a threat to food security.At the same time,countries in the middle and high latitudes suffered severe floods,forest fires,heavy snow,and other inclement weather.These all resulted direct economic losses and casualties.The rise of sea level directly threated the survival of most people in the island countries and the national security of some island countries.In the face of this common threat to mankind,the international community recognized the need for climate cooperation and required countries to take joint actions to deal with a common crisis.The negotiations of climate change have continued from the 1980s to the present,and experienced more than 20 international climate negotiations.The process has gone through three major stages and established three major international institutions of climate cooperation.These institutions included the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change,which was established in 1992;the Kyoto Protocol in 1997,and the Paris Agreement in 2015.These institutional arrangements dealt the difficulties of collective action among the process of dealing the climate changeAs a collective action,international climate cooperation inevitably has the difficulties of collective actions.In the international cooperation of dealing climate changes,the obstacles were mainly reflected in two major issues.They were the recognition of the historical responsibility of climate problems between different countries and the fair abatement of emission reduction costs.The historical responsibility of the climate issue were mainly based in the fact that developed countries had produced a large amount of greenhouse gases during the industrialization process,which has brought about the adverse consequences of the current climate.Meanwhile the developing countries have been jointly exposed to climate threats.So,the developing countries collectively believed that developed countries should take the main responsibility for emission reduction regardless of historical responsibility,total current emissions,individual per capita emissions,and emission reduction capabilities.The developed countries,while recognizing their historical responsibilities,have stressed that if developing countries do not limit the huge amount of carbon emissions from their current and future developments,developed countries will not be able to solve the problem of climate change.A few developed countries,such as the United States,believed that some large developing countries were currently the world's major emitters and they should also had specific emission reduction commitments.Otherwise they will not be able to cope with climate change.In the face of these obstacles,countries especially the contribution of a responsible country like China,through common efforts,and appropriate international institutional designs to bridge differences arising between countries on abatement cost sharing to promote international cooperation,such as common and differentiated principle of "sharing",the Kyoto three mechanisms and the principle of independent contributions by all countries.Through the study of the international climate change's negotiation process,this paper explores the obstacles to collective action in international cooperation and the arrangements for the international system to overcome these obstacles.From this,we should understand the functional role of the international institutions in promoting international cooperation.From the process of international cooperation,we should discover the deficiencies of relevant international cooperation theories(such as rationalism).The country's narrow perception of self-interest has impacts on international cooperation.It reveals that the differences of actions between China and the United States in promoting the common destiny of mankind and assuming international responsibility.In the first part of this article,it based on international cooperation and international institutional rationalism theory.It pointed out that the obstacle in international cooperation lies in the difficulty of collective action.That means the state pursues its own interests as a rational actor,that may lead to a conflict between individual rationality and collective disaster in collective action.Through the analysis of the functions of the international institutions,it pointed out that the international system has the functions of strengthening information exchange and communication among countries,restricting and regulating the behavior of the state,reducing the cost of cooperation negotiations,establishing political mutual trust,and eliminating barriers to collective actions such as fraud and profit distribution.These functions contribute to the role of international cooperation.In the second part,this article first pointed out the need for the international community to cope with climate change.Then,it sorted out the negotiation process of countries to deal with climate change.This mainly included the three processes of negotiation and outlined the major achievements of the international climate cooperation institution framework.After that,it focused on discussing the obstacles in solving climate change negotiations,and the role of the international institutions in resolving these obstacles.In the analysis of obstacles to negotiation,it pointed out that the perceived differences of historical responsibility between developed and developing countries,and the fair share of abatement costs caused the climate issues.In analyzing the resolving,the paper pointed out that the three major principles solved the obstacles in collective action better.The principle of "common but differentiated responsibilities" solved the historical responsibility cognition and the allocation of abatement costs.The Kyoto ? mechanism flexibly reduced the abatement costs for developed countries through some forms of cooperation and marketization.It provided some possibilities for the clean development of developing countries.The principle of "national independent contributions" eased dissatisfies of the large emissions for large developing countries but not assumed the obligations of compulsory emission reduction.This principle also protected the development rights equitably as "common but differentiated responsibilities" does.In the final part,the paper explores China's role in different stages of climate negotiations.Based on the internal ecological pressures and the need for economic development,China's foreign diplomatic goals and changes for the international situation,China has taken different measures to deal with the process of climate change at different stages.China's role changed from a general developing countries that do not undertake specific emission reduction obligations,to actively participating in climate change negotiations,and voluntarily fulfilling emission reduction obligations.Afterwards it played a role that transcends the role of developing countries and promoted the success of climate negotiations directly.The United States looked at its own interests narrowly,pursued its own interests selfishly,and repeatedly obstructed the climate change cooperation.It made strong contrast with China's behaviors.It showed that China worked together with other countries to protect the Earth's homeland on which we live,and jointly built a human destiny community responsibly.