Officials' Efforts And Achievements For Reform Of Old-style Private Schools In Modern Sichuan

The modern process of China is a hot point of modern-historiography study in recent years; and as an aspect of educational modernization, the reform of the old-style private schools by government of the time, has caught the historians' attention. However, most of the existing researches are summary and lacking of deep studies on the complexity of official policies and their concrete implementation. Furthermore, these existing studies deal with mainly the reformed old-style private schools in the coastal areas. The cases about Sichuan's reformed old-style private schools have been briefly mentioned only in treatises such as educational history, and have not been combed out systematically. For the purpose of enriching the existing researches, this paper focuses on Sichuan province to probe into the complexity of official policies and attitude of all circles in society.Firstly, this paper examines the Sichuan official's policies to reform the old-style private schools. This part deals with not only development but continuity of official's policies in three phases: the late of Qing Dynasty; the beginning of the Republic of China; and the Nanjing Government. And then this paper discusses Sichuan official's efforts to reform the old-style private schools, which include reform, limitation and clamping down; and this part focuses on the policies and measures in reform and the complicacy in cramping down.At that time, there coexisted two different recognitions on official's policies to...