The Research Of Qing Dynasty's Mongolian Medical Work Regulation

China is a unified country composed of multiracial nation, and each race created China civilization together. Among these multiracial medicines, Mongolian medicine(including Mongolian pharmacy, the following together) is a brilliant treasure and an important part of traditional medicine in the motherland. Like other traditional medicine, Mongolian medicine forming and developing gradually in the people's long-term medical practice, having clear-cut race and region special features. Huangdi Nei Jing, Han book etc., all of these books have recorded the actions which people using Mongolian medicine to cure for disease. At the end of 16th century, many classic Tibetan medical works along with the Buddhism Dgelugs-pa(Yellow Sect) are rolling into Mongolia. Mongolian medicine on the original foundation, absorbed the three-cause theory and clinical treatment experience of traditional Tibetan medicine became own system. Arrive to Qing dynasty, Mongolian medical theories, diagnosis, pharmacy, treating technology, preventing epidemic disease, bone-setting and each clinical sections all get an unprecedented development, famous Mongolian medical doctors and works are emerging in a constant stream. Any thing can grow flourishing when inside and outside environment and conditions suit for it's development regulation. So, the rapidly development of Qing dynasty's Mongolian medicine must have some internal and external factors which fit for it's development rules. So it is necessary to take Qing dynasty as an important researching point, through research to Mongolian medical work regulation systematically, make clear out the train of thought of Mongolian medicine, and providing a reference for the modern Mongolian medicine's development.The writer studied part of Mongolian medical knowledge while composing this text, even once have gone to Mongolian medicine's main cradle- Fuxin Fosi commune of Liaoning province, carried out on-the-spot investigation, covered some insiders, acquired some data. On this foundation, the writer through sorting and studying the collected materials divide Qing Dynasty's Mongolian medical work regulation into two parts, the fist one is the imperial palace organization systems, the other one is the local place organization systems.The main organization of imperial palace is Shangsiyuan Chuoban. Orthopedics of Mongolian medicine have influenced by the production and living habitual of Mongols greatly, becoming early, developing quickly, having fresh and clear race special features, and became a main subject of Mongolian medicine. Early Qing dynasty, the Qing ruler has already got in touch with the consummate bone-setting skill of Mongolian medicine, and established a medical treatment organization Chuoban("Chuoban" is Manchuria language, meaning bone-setting) place at Shangsiyuan, only provided service for themselves.The main organization of local place is Lama Temple's Manbazhacang. Mongolian medicine have an inseparable contact with Lamaism. As a carrier of spreading and developing Mongolian medicine, the temple has an important and irreplaceable position. A large number of temples have been built at Mongolia region since Qing government promoted Yellow Sect. Along with the temples' constantly developing, a lot of temples with bigger scales are all established Manbazhacang, even those smaller scale temples which hadn't established Manbazhacang, also established a doctor's seat. Mongolia doctor were lacked at that time,these lama through to treat various disease for local people, coming to the purpose of preaching Buddhist doctrines.Many famous Mongolia doctors in Mongolia region were from the temples' lama. At the beginning Manbazhacang of Mongolia region regardless from organized form or content of course, drawing a large extent lessons from the mode of Tibetan medical science, many doctors compose the work by Tibetan language. 18th century, this kind of condition had to present new look. The Mongolian medical scholar combine Tibetan medical theories and treatment experience with local natural climate, life custom, the characteristic of epidemic disease etc. factors, putting forward many new theories such as "Liujizheng", "Shiyaozheng" etc. and establishing modern Mongolian medical foundation. This stage is also the process that the traditional Mongolian medical science absorbing Tibetan medical knowledge. 19th century, many Lamas who were from temples, in Mongolian medical theories, diagnosis, medicine, treating technology and each clinical section etc. area expounding their ideas in writings. It made Mongolian medicine academic theories system more perfect.In addition to the Manbazhacang which has systematic organization providing a medical treatment service for the large herding people in Mongolia, there are some Shaman and resume secular life's Lama to make a diagnosis and give treatment for local people, and it become a kind of spreading medical treatment form. The medical science which handed down from Shaman belonging to the family type medical science, and which from resume secular life's Lama have temple and family properties belonging to" mixed temple and family type medical science.The Qing government worships Yellow Sect, the Shamanism was attacked to some extent, but the Mongolian medicine passed on by them was less intervened by Qing government, so it have relative freedom space in development, and it inherited more traditional Mongolian medicine knowledge. The social status of Shamanism can't compare to Lamaism, the Mongolian medicine handed down by this form are not essential, just as a kind of complement of Manbazhacang. Moreover, Shaman passed on Mongolian medicine knowledge with the form of inherited in the family .This is a kind of mysterious and conservative method, kept traditional special features to some extent, but sometime it fail to handed down from past generations unavoidably, on the contrary in certain degree it limited the development of traditional sect. Therefore, this Mongolian medicine developing form in Qing dynasty just more inherit, rare innovation development, and nearly no monograph came out. Much Mongolian medical knowledge handed down by Shaman are traditional therapies, such as bone-setting, emergency treatment, brain-setting, massage etc..The mixture way of the temple and the family education of Mongolian medicine was produced for social activities circumstance in Mongolia region at that time. This educational way not only inherited traditional Mongolia medical science but also blended with temple's advanced medical knowledge, have certain superiority. And it also fit for the living habit of Mongols, remedied the defect of temple's fixed location.At that time these spreading educational ways of Mongolian medicine are beneficial to the temple's educational system. The Mongolian medicine passed down in these ways usually are what elder teach junior by precept and example, so it have such characteristics as direct and easily to be controlled. This kind of way which academic spreading in family have exclusiveness in some extent, hence the scope of the induction isn't as extensive as temple's.These spreading way not only enriched Mongolian medical education forms, but also brought convenience for Mongolian people to see a doctor.Through researches into Mongolian medical work regulation of Qing Dynasty, the writer think the development of Qing dynasty's Mongolian medicine have two main lines: One is traditional Mongolian medicine that from the Bo(or Wudagan)of Shamanism;Another is traditional Mongolian medicine that growing up in temple's Manbazhacang. The development of Mongolian medical science can be divided into three processes: First is the process that traditional Mongolian medical science continue to gain experience;Second is the process that the traditional Mongolian medical science absorb Tibetan medical theories knowledge;Third is the process that Mongolian medicine continue to develop after absorbing Tibetan medical theories knowledge.This text discuss those factors which influence on the development of Mongolian medicine, these factors mainly are the policy of Qing government ruling Mongols, policy of religious, temple's regulations, the natural environment of Mongolia region, the Mongolia living custom and personality etc..As race policy, the Qing government mainly adopt the policy of "suit measure to customs", and spreading Mongolian writing in Mongolian region, promoting to use Mongolian language and Mongolian writing, also organized a great deal of manpower and material resources to translate Tibetan Buddhist scriptures such as Vkmzkuer, ganzhuer etc. into Mongolian language. These unprecedented active translation and print activity, make a lot of Tibetan medicine contents streaming into Mongolian region, and infuse new vitality into traditional Mongolian medicine, also accelerate the process that Mongolian medicine theories turn and systematize.Religious policy aspect, because of Qing government's supporting, the number of temple and Lama increasing quickly, it make Manbazhacang burgeoning at Mongolian region. The Qing government give Lama very high treatment from policies to wealth, it made Lama setting their mind to study. Qing Court still established some rules for lama to practise medicine. These rules had promoted the quality of practising medicine to a large extent, and reduced the phenomenon of "false lama doctor" to practise medicine, so it is a good measure for praise.The temple system aspect, each Manbazhacang has it's own teaching and practises medicine system, but the academic degree promoting rules are much the same with only minor differences. The academic degree promoting mainly by the debate examination. Its strict request makes each apprentice lama study hard, in order to acqurie a good result and academic degree. Argument examination form has opening character, it will give each apprentice lama an equal opportunity to promote, as long as apprentice lama study hard, there is hope to acquire academic degree. Temple have very strict jegulations for Lama to practise medicine: The one who beg to cure can not to pay any service fees, but if the Lama who invited is a "Daobuqie"(the private doctor of living Buddha ) need to prepare cart and horse for Daobuqie to use. At that time, this provision raised Lama doctor's social status undoubtedly.The natural environment is an important factor which influences mankind's activity, is also an important factor which decide local resident's production, life style, and spiritual life. The special weather, geography condition in Mongolian region, make the animal, plant, mineral medicine forming their own characteristics. These abundant medicine resources are the essential factors to the development of Mongolian medicine. We can say that the naturalenvironment of Mongolian plateau is exactly the rich soil where Mongolian medicine are forming and developing.Part of contents of living customs have a close contact with medicine, hygiene and health care. Mongolian ancestors were restricted by nature condition, chose nomadic life style historically. This kind of life style makes Mongols shaping many special life custom, thus influence the formation and the development of Mongolian medicine which have a close interrelation with it. Such as the custom of drinking sour horse milk, make Mongolian medicine sum up a special kind of "sour horse milk therapy".The Mongols have broad-minded, the bold and uninhibited character make them accept other races' excellent culture more easily. The Mongols adopt a "bring here doctrine" attitude towards the experience of defending disease and medicine knowledge which accumulated by neighbouring countries and region's people for several thousand years, and infusing new vitality into traditional Mongolian medicine constantly. This is an important reason why Mongolian medical developing up to now and isn't on the wane.Through researching into the development condition of Qing Dynasty's Mongolian medicine, this text regards the governmental support, reasonable policy, scientific teaching system, fair promoting system and Mongolian medicine continuously creative enterprising spirit are all the important factors that influence and decides to Mongolian medical development, but among them the loosen policy established by Qing government is a key to development of Mongolian medicine.