Qing Dynasty, Traditional Medical Education Research

The Qing Dynasty is the last feudal dynasty in the Chinese history, also is development important time of the traditional Chinese medicine. Looks over Qing Dynasty's medicine education, it carries on Song and Ming Dynasty system on the whole, but because the Qing Dynasty already was the declining time in the feudal society, therefore official medicine education already no longer grand scale as all previous dynasties. Especially after The Opium War, the traditional medicine education becomes worse and worse, and the palace-like education faced the collapse edge; On the other hand, that the end of the Qing the society nature changed, has brought roughly for the traditional Chinese medicine education, but simultaneously also has provided the development turning point for it. The western education thought influence causes the school edition from the initial government operated trend folk, the form from teaching hall of Official and priest and disciple type in folk to the diversification develops such as school edition, the mass organization organized, academic periodical and so on ,finally it established foundation for the Chinese medicine education pattern of modern times.The goal of this article is tracks down the phase of history, returns to original state of the historical true self as far as possible, inquires about the development vein of the Qing Dynasty traditional Chinese medicine education, summarizes the success and failure, and gives respect to history which should have: Who has made the contribution for Qing Dynasty's traditional Chinese medicine education? What its content and the way? how about status Qing Dynasty traditional Chinese medicine education in Chinese medicine education ? Provided what for the modern traditional Chinese medicine education ?Because one paper is unable to attend to every detail, synthesizing various factor, this article finally chooses from four angles reseach the Chinese medicine educational history of the Qing Dynasty. The first angle is makes an overall from the time to the Qing Dynasty's Chinese medicine education, namely clears off its vein by stages; The second angle is cuts into from the type, conducts the classified research to the Chinese medicine education of the Qing Dynasty; The third angle is through elaborating of Mongolia, the Tibetan medical educates , introduces another important constituent of the Qing Dynasty traditional medicine,namely nationality medical education;The fourth angle is exploration to the achievement, the lesson of the Qing Dynasty's Chinese medicine education and its enlightenment to nowdays.Under the premise that history of education evolution correlate with the political factor, pays great attention to the history of education own law of development.The stages of this article, Unifies the social vicissitude and the education evolution, divide the Qing Dynasty traditional Chinese medicine education to three time time: The inheritance, declines, tries hard to promote. Initial period of Qing Dynasty to Daoguang first year that Imperial hospital teaching hall gradually becomes lax, the Chinese medicine education follows the Ming Dynasty old system, and does not have the too sweeping change, so it only can regard as the inheritance; Daoguang first year to the Guangxu 11 year that most early medical school managed by the people in China appeard, the central committee education intermittent and the folk education was a piece of blank besides priest and disciple type.The traditional Chinese medicine education whole moves towards the decline nearly; Guangxu 11 year to the Xuantong 3 th year that Qing Dynasty are overthrown, through WuXu political reform ,the reform in the school system, the end of the Qing new deal time, the Chinese medicine passed through diligently develops in every way, got rid of the quite sole teaching way, appeared many dissemination traditional Chinese medicine organization like the school, the mass organization and so on. Therefore this stage may regard as tries hard to promote time.According to the difference of school main body and the educational system, this article divide the Qing Dynasty Chinese medicine education into four kinds to conduct the research, and each kind will select its typical representative to carry on the commentary: traditional Chinese medicine education which the government operated has two kinds that were the central committee and the place , also may regard as state-run and the provincially established. Before he national capital big school medicine learning center appeard, the heavy responsibility undertook continuously by imperial hospital teaching hall for the central medicine education. Although the place medicine education set up zheng subject in government office,Dian subject in state,Xun Official in county from the beginning of the Qing Dynasty, that had the accurate literature record and forms the scale to have the influence is truly the provincially established medicine school in end of the Qing. But imperial hospital and the school, these two kind of education form system is obviously different. So it will be also classified to elaborate. Although belongs to managed by the people, the school, the academy and the learned society have separately undertaken the regular Chinese medicine education, the popularization as well as dissemination of Chinese medicine education, therefore classificated it to research.Tibet, Mongolia, Uygur, Zhuang, Miao and Dai and so on all is the inalienable important constituent of Chinese traditional medicine. These national medicine inheritance, always are by handed down in the family or ShiDaitu to carry on, the Qing Dynasty also is this kind of situation. The only exception is, the Qing Dynasty has two national-Tibetan nationality and the Mongolian nationality medical education starts to move towards regular and gradually forms the scale. Therefore this article selects these two national medical education to make the key elaboration. According to the different teaching method of Tibet and the mongolian medical education, it have three kind of forms that are the temple namely ManBaZhaCang, the school and ShiDaiTu. Temple education because the stable social environment, favored treatment and positive religious policyin, becomes the main body in Mongolia and the Tibetan medical education. The school and ShiDaiTu has also Carried on the supplement to Mongolia, the Tibetan medical education in varying degree. Especially ShiCheng ,because conforms to the life habit which the Mongolian nationality moves about in search of pasture, has made up the flaw that temple place is fixed in the very great degree. Three educations ways have completed medical education task together in mutually supplementing way.Many medical history scholars thought our country Qing Dynasty medical education quite is backward. This was before dynasty is a reference system, carried on the appraisal to the Qing Dynasty medicine education which the longitudinal comparison made. In order to understand the complete picture of the Qing Dynasty medical educates, we also have the necessity to carry on the crosswise comparison to it.In other words, also needs to understand the survey of West medicine education this time. In order to makes the reference value qualitative and the localization to Qing Dynasty medical education .The time beginning Qing Dynasty established is precisely the Western medicine develops vigorously. Under government's concern, the Western especially Europe carried out education reform, introducd large quantities of medicine talented person, and started the Western medicine education to rise rapidly. This time, university medical school, school, hospital, guild and so on education carriers emerged one after another incessantly, the scientific instrument invents unceasingly, teaching ancillary facilities such as library and aboratory construct vigorously, all these add fuel to the flames for the Western medicine development and has gradually surpassed Chinese medicine education. Western large-scale running school time, our country actually still along a prescribed path; The western school assumes the development trend, our country is moving towards the decline . Certainly, besides the objective factor, the academic system and the social background 's difference also is the reason that creates distance between tow medicines. But the various countries itself traditional medicine all is assimilated by the western medicine,the traditional Chinese medicine still inherit and develop. This explanation traditional Chinese medicine education was still effective. Therefore the affirmming disparity is not disparaging oneself oneself, but is seeking the reason, and try to catch up.The official medical education was carried by imperial hospital that is concentrate teaching.Roughly take teacher hall-medical learning center-new medical learning center as development of vein.This period not only has had been through repeatedly organization vicissitude, also occurred the change at the system aspect that is the Chinese medicine to the China and the West establishing together.After 268 years development, Official medical education of Qing Dynasty has trained the large quantities of medicines talented person, published many medical works, and provided the detachment condition about Chinese medical education development for the later generation.The end of the Qing Chinese medical education changed the system and additionally established the western medicine curriculum,it set up the model for the later generation.The establishment of regular school and the exploration of other assistance form accumulated richly experience for setting up the education, also has the function of longitudinal continuously development to the Chinese medical education which could not be underestimated.The success and failure of Chinese medical education of the Qing Dynasty educates many prompts for the modern Chinese medicine.Initiatively studying western medicine, positively developping the education base, diligently raising the academic level, these all are procedures of the Qing Dynasty person with lofty ideals that diligently developped the Chinese medicine education, then set up the good example for how develop the modern Chinese medicine education .Other experiences includes: Accumulated rich experience how multiplicat to set up school under the dissimilar condition and the background,how develop the medical education under the special condition,and how establish modern times Chinese medical education pattern and so on.The modern China's traditional medical education still faced a series of questions such as the school pattern, the education pattern and so on, these experiences of Qing Dynasty is having the model significance.Summing up experience, also should see the lesson of Qing Dynasty that Chinese medical education brought at the same time: In the present medical education, the humanities education has not received enough value, but this poorly changed seed has buried in the Qing Dynasty. In addition, the end of the Qing appeared the aspect which two medicine coexisted, according to it the Chinese medical education system has carried on the transformation which the China and the West supposed together. But, established two kinds of curricula to study did not mean the Chinese and the western medicine may organic melt. This kind of form union, hasn't solved the basic problem Chinese medicine how to absorb the western medicine.They are all constituent for the Chinese traditional medicine, so the Chinese ,the Mongolia and the Tibetan medical education definitely has same place,for example all take the handing down in the family and ShiDaitu as the important way which this national medicine inherits. But because of each kind of reason, they also has the obvious difference. Former is the school type that the imperial hospital teacher hall is representative; Latter is the temple type that take the ManBaZhaCang as the central. Education carrier as well as social, cultural context are different, and it had decided these two medical education in various aspects difference such as the distribution way, the management way, the matriculation condition, the teaching way and so on.But the difference in pattern, certainly did not affect the Qing government to takes very much to Mongolian, the Tibetan medicine. Although the government has its political objective, but the national affinity, the national medicine itself value as well as a series of favored treatment, truly causes Mongolia, the Tibetan medicine and its education obtained the fast development during the Qing Dynasty. It has opened the new look for traditional medical development, also provided the model for the policy of Mongolian and Tibetan communal development in present. The Chinese , Mongolian and Tibetan medical education development simultaneously also have the enormous practical significance to Chinese traditional medicine: The Chinese and Mongolian ,Tibetan medical education synchronizedly developped, is the important method that reduces the national disparity, enhances national unity, constructs harmonious social; This act has promoted the status of Mongolian and the Tibetan medicine,so make the academic exchanging to be more convenient; The Chinese and Mongolian Tibetan medical education developped simultaneously, make each one teaching method outstanding. The modern duty of medical education is that screens best from these characteristic methods and to promote.The overall looked that, conservative and bans can bring the negative influence to the medicine education , but reforms and giving favored treatment can bring the high tide of development for it. The Qing Dynasty earlier period stopped all foreign contact, missed good opportunity studied world advanced science; Daoguang canceled the acupuncture and moxibustion branch, separated relation between the acupuncture and moxibustion with the Chinese medical education. These all are proofs that the policy interrupted education. Otherwise, the traditional medical education of Qing Dynasty obtained many achievements, also had the connection with Qing government's support.For example,caused steady transition that the traditional medical pattern to the modern medicial pattern; Mongolia, the Tibetan medical education vigorously developped as well as new Mongolian medical system established. Thus it can be seen, the degree which the government pays attention to and the policy is positive or not is the biggest factor that the medical education develop .