Landscape Pattern Analysis And Landscape Ecological Planning Of Chongqing Heishishan-Gunziping Scenic Area

The sustainable development of scenic area needs to be guided by reasonable plan. Chongqing Heishishan-Gunziping scenic area, as a newly established one of municipal level, the research from landscape ecology on macroscopic scale is none. This paper, combined the theory of landscape ecology with the practice of Chongqing Heishishan-Gunziping scenic area, makes analysis on its status quo of landscape pattern, the cause of its formation and its ecological functions through landscape pattern indices with GIS technology. Then, based on the summary of landscape resources and the defects of landscape patterns and functions, the paper studies on its landscape ecological planning, which supplies foundations for the establishment and sustainable utilization of unique landscape resources and the constructions and management of the area. The outcome of study indicates:(1) Characteristics of landscape patternPlantation is the biggest in the area, coniferous forest is secondary, and the total area of plantation, coniferous forest and broad leaved forest account for 84.15% of the area. Bamboo forest, waters and cyathea forest, which are distinguishing, are all small, and there are still some shrubs of certain proportion in the area. Besides, the scale of landscape patches is small on the whole, the number of medium type and small type accounts for 91.85%, but the area proportion is only 43.71%; at the same time though the number of large and super-large type only accounts for 3.39%, the area proportion is 41.03%, and coniferous forest, broad leaved forest and plantation are three main types. Furthermore, the fraction of all types is totally small, especially the fractions of bamboo forest, broad leaved forest and cyathea forest which makeup the forest are all very small and are greatly disturbed human activities.The landscape diversity index is 1.5501, although a little lower than the maximum landscape diversity index, it is still high, reflecting that the landscape heterogeneity of the area is high. Besides, the dominance index is 0.8478 and evenness index is 0.6464, which demonstrate that the distribution of landscape patches is not even and some types dominate the whole area to a certain degree.On the whole, the landscape patch density and landscape patch edge density index are both large, which illustrate that the fragmentation degree of the scenic area is very high. Among all the types, the patch density and patch edge density of coniferous forest and broad leaved forest are small, and scales are large, which are the concentrated areas of biodiversity of the scenic area. The patch density and patch edge density index of plantation are large for its large area and number.The resolution indices of coniferous forest and broad leaved forest are the smallest two, indicating their concentrated distribution in the area. Moreover, the resolution index of plantation is also small, reflecting that the plantation is greatly disturbed by human activities and becomes congregating. The rest ones are relatively high and they are dispersed in the areaThe degree of aggregation index of the area is low, which indicate that the landscape elements are largely dispersed, and the landscape heterogeneity and fragmentation are high.The large part of the types of coniferous forest, broad leaved forest and bamboo forest that make up of forest in the scenic area distribute in the area which is steep in slope and high in altitude, and those types greatly disturbed by human activities such as plantation and construction land distribute in gentle and low areas. With the increasing of slope and altitude, the intensity of human activities recedes, and types of landscape turn from human-influenced into natural ones.(2) Ecological functions of landscape typesThe value of ecological and social service landscape is tremendous, which is about 121097.0 thousand yuan per year, and the ratio between ecological value and direct economic value is a little bit low, which is 4.36:1. As the area coniferous forest is large, while the area of broad leaved forest is relatively smaller, and as the existence of certain proportion of bamboo forest and shrubs, the ecological values of coniferous forest, cyathea forest and shrubs such as the absorption of carbon and release of oxygen, the preservation of water and soil are far smaller than broad leaved forest, and the structure of all the forest patches types is relatively simple. Thus, the value is relatively lower than other similar areas, and which needs improving.The value of productive landscape in the area is still not very high, the economic density is 7002.25 thousand yuan per square kilometer. Among which the economic density of plantation is 6432.6 thousand yuan per square kilometer and the garden plot is much higher: 121067.7 thousand yuan per square kilometer, while the area of which is very small, the agricultural economic structure is irrational and the benefit is not high.The economic density of consuming landscape in the area is 223338.4 thousand yuan per square kilometer, which is far higher than productive landscape. To achieve fast economic growth, rapid urbanization has been put on agenda in each town of the area, which brings about great pressure on the sustainable development of the area.Through the analysis and summary of defects of landscape pattern and ecological functions of the area and combined with the inner characteristics of landscape resources, the paper divides the area into 5 ecological functional segments and plans for each one. Then, from the aspect of structure, and according to the patch-corridor-matrix model of landscape ecology, the paper researches on the optimization of landscape patterns and the monolithic function, to maintain the landscape heterogeneity, and to achieve the sustainable development of the scenic area.Finally, the paper proposes some suggestions as follows:Firstly, establish a united supervisor mode and make up some corresponding regulations. Then manage as planned in ecological functional sub-areas, take corresponding measures to the actual status of each area such as returning land for farming to forestry, relocation of residents, restructuring of industry, and quicken the ecological construction of landscape patches, corridors and matrix. Furthermore, intensify the management of constructions and travelers in order to prevent the area from constructive destructions; during the rush-hour of traveling, carry out the rules such as reservation, restriction of travelers and shunt the travelers to lighten the destructions to the landscape resources and maintain the landscape heterogeneity. And finally, reinforce the construction of information system and implement dynamic management.