Research On The Policy Effectiveness, Operation Mechanism And Adaptation Path Of Environmental Campaign Governanc

A core challenge of environmental governance is the lack of public policy implementation,which affects the vitality of environmental policies on constructing a modern environmental governance system.In recent years,campaign-style governance has been used frequently in the field of environmental governance,as a policy implementation model in China.In fact,the specific model and execution mechanism of campaign-style governance are not fixed,but constantly adjust and improve according to the problems in the governance process.Practice is the touchstone for testing policy enforcement models.There are three challenges in the practice of campaign-style governance.First,campaign-style governance is often criticized on the ground: lacking long-term impacts.Second,researchers call for an objective analysis of the advantages and limitations of the campaign-style governance.However,the existing literature has not investigated the impact mechanism from the behavior of the participants.Third,in the modernization of environmental governance,environmental campaign-style governance needs to improve policy effects.The existing literature lacks the analysis of its adaptative paths.Facing the challenges of environmental policy implementation,this study focuses on the policy implementation model of environmental campaign-style governance,which includes two dimensions: the campaign-style governance initiated by the central government and local governments,respectively.This study discusses the following three research issues:(1)Is it effective? What is the policy effects of environmental campaign-style governance,and how to verify its long-term effects;(2)Why does it work? What are the internal mechanisms that affect the effects of environmental campaign-style governance,and how does it depend on the institutional system to change the environmental behavior of the participants?(3)How to optimize it? What is the adaptative paths of environmental campaign-style governance to achieve policy effects?The study combines theoretical analysis and empirical research.The study is divided into four stages.The first stage is theoretical analysis and questionnaire survey.This stage analyzed the existing domestic and foreign classic literature of policy implementation to clarify the reasons for the long-term existence of environmental campaign-style governance.At the same time,this stage drew on new institutionalism and principal-agent theory to form the theoretical framework of this article.On the basis of theoretical analysis,this study conducted field surveys according to the set research goals,and obtained relevant data of local officials,enterprises,and citizens.This stage built a data foundation for qualitative and quantitative analysis.The second stage is an empirical study of the effects and heterogeneity of campaign-style governance of different paths.This article used the econometric models to test the effects of multi-level environmental campaign-style governance based on the macro and micro data.Moreover,this article explored the possible heterogeneity characteristics through heterogeneity analysis.The third stage is based on the theoretical structure,through the econometric models,qualitative interviews,to discuss how formal and informal institutional factors constrain and change the behavior of participants.This stage analyzes the internal mechanism that affects the effects of environmental campaign-style governance.The fourth stage analyzes the adaptative paths of campaign-style governance during the transition period.This article used multiple case qualitative analysis to analyze the effective policy combination of environmental campaign-style governance.The main body of this article includes four chapters,namely,the third chapter to the sixth chapter.In the third chapter,the study confirmed the effects and mechanisms of environmental campaign-style governance.The first section of this chapter focused on the basic content of the institutions theory,specifically discussed the relationship between the formal and informal institutions.This study explored the formal institutions and informal institutions in the campaign-style governance of the specific practice of governance.The second section mainly discussed the basic contents of the principal-agent theory and the problems it faces.This section then discussed the practice of the principal-agent theory in the field of environmental governance of China,and the practical path of environmental campaign-style governance.The third section proposed the basic theoretical structure of this paper based on new institutionalism and principal-agent theory.The fourth section put forwarded the analysis frame of the effects and mechanisms of environmental campaign-style governance.This section confirmed the core research path: the first way "campaign-style governance(central government)-campaign-style governance(provincial governments)-campaign-style governance(municipal governments and below)";the second way "regular governance(central government)-campaign-style governance(provincial governments)-campaign-style governance(municipal governments and below)";the third way "regular governance(central government)-regular governance(provincial governments)-regular governance(municipal governments and below)".The fourth chapter and fifth chapter verified the effects and mechanism of the first way and the second way,respectively.The third way was the reference group of the path two.The fourth chapter analyzed the central government’ environmental campaign-style governance to verify the effects and mechanisms of the first path.Taking China’s Central Environmental Protection Inspection(CEPI)as an example,this study used panel data of 282 cities from 2010 to 2018 to verify the effects of path one.This study uesd Logit,OLS and mediating effect test models.The results showed that CEPI has significantly reduced the discharge of industrial wastewater,PM2.5,SO2 and industrial smoke(dust).There was regional heterogeneity in this effect.Analyzing the internal mechanism of CEPI,this paper proved that the investment behavior of enterprises and the mobilization behavior of local officials are the influence mechanisms of CEPI.This paper further analyzed the formal and informal institutional factors that influenced the mobilization behavior of local officials in environmental governance.From the perspective of formal institutions,this paper proved that effective incentive and effective information of CEPI influenced the mobilization behavior of environmental governance.From the perspective of informal institutions,this paper confirmed that clan culture influenced the governance behavior of officials.This influence existed in position,professional background and regional heterogeneity.The fifth chapter studied the environmental campaign-style governance which initiated by the local government,analyzed the effects and mechanisms of the second way,and used the third way as the reference group to test the difference of the effects between the environmental campaign-style governance and the regular governance.Taking L County in Anhui Province as an example,the first-hand survey data was obtained from the field survey from 2019 to 2021.This paper used MODIS satellite data of 356 counties from 2011 to 2016.Panel data related to agricultural economy,and micro-field survey data of one county in Anhui Province,using the mixed research methods of difference-in-difference(DID),and qualitative analysis.The results of econometric analysis proved that the environmental campaign-style governance effectively reduced the number of fire points of straw,compared with the regular governance.Moreover,this effect had the long-term effect,and the positive spillover effect to the farmer’s other environmental governance behavior.As for the mechanism of the straw burning ban campaign,this study proved that the traditional face culture has formed a balance among the farmers.In this balance,if other people did not burn straw,no one burned straw.In particular,the study found that the public policy tools of persuasion and push were the important mechanisms that affected the behavior of farmers in straw burning.Therefore,the micro-operation mechanism of the straw burning ban campaign is explained: it uses the institutional system to restrain and change the behavior of the participants,and then achieve the policy goal of improving the environmental quality.This chapter systematically discusses the policy utility and operating mechanism of environmental campaign-style governance which initiated by local governments.The sixth chapter is the research foothold of this study,which studies the adaptative paths for environmental campaign-style governance during the transition period.This chapter further analyzed the linkage effect of formal and informal institutions in cases of environmental campaign-style governance.In this paper,fuzzy-set Qualitative Comparative Analysis(FSQCA)was used to examine 32 typical cases of environmental campaign-style governance.The results showed that the compatible path of formal and informal institutions was the optimal path to environmental campaign-style governance.The mutual compatibility between formal and informal institutions was important in the process of public policy implementation.This study discusses these issues: "Is it effective?"-"Why does it work?"-"How to optimize it?".This study has the theoretical and practical significance of public policy enforcement.Theoretically,this article highlights the value of informal institutions in policy enforcement.On the one hand,it proves that the informal institutions contributed to the success of the formal institutions in the environmental campaign-style governance.On the other hand,this article proves the principal-agent relationship between central government and local governments in environmental governance.In addition,this article puts forward the policy framework of campaign-style governance.These findings promote the extension of new institutionalism and principal-agent theory in the field of environmental policy implementation.In addition to its theoretical significance,this study also bears important policy implications.This article confirms the effects of environmental campaign-style governance of multiple dimensions and multiple paths,as well as its long-term effects and spillover effects.This article clarifies the internal mechanism of environmental campaign-style governance of the perspective of formal and informal institutions.This article proposes a policy framework of environmental campaign-style governance during the transition period,which provides a reference to the choice of policy implementation mode and helps to improve the ability of public policy implementation.This article has some limitations that provide opportunities for further research.This article has not been able to grasp the officials’ subjective perception and evaluation of environmental campaign-style governance of the perspective of field investigations.Moreover,this article focuses on the regular governance and campaign-style governance.However,there are still other policy implementation modes in environmental governance process.This study plans to summarize and learn other environmental policy implementation models for further research,forming a more complete environmental policy implementation research.