Study On Construction Characteristics Of Ancient Human Inhabitation Sites In Heilongjiang River Basin Based On Archaeological Interpretation

After the foundation of china society of architecture in 1930,the research objects of ancient Chinese architecture history mostly focus on the core area of traditional architecture culture,and so far there have been accumulated lot of research findings.In comparison,the study of ancient architecture in frontier region hasn't been valued adequately yet,and so far it has become a major blind spot in the field of architectural history research of China.For the Heilongjiang river basin in the ancient northeastern frontier region,under the limitation of many geographical factors,such as the rare of ground ancient buildings,the lack of ancient documents,the complex historical and cultural background,the harsh natural climate and so on,research on the characteristics of regional construction started very late and did not form a systematic and comprehensive interpretation.Due to the lack of ground instances and paper texts,we can not carry out empirical study through intuitive interpretation of architectural examples,and also impossible to conduct inferential research through literature analysis.In addition,the ancient northeastern frontier region was a multi-ethnic mixed area with multi-source and multi-flow of human culture,and the single-culture deduction method in a specific cultural form was also not applicable.In face of these realities,we should only treat the archaeological information of human remains as the main evidence,and trace back the spatial-temporal properties of sites,recover the morphological and structural properties of sites,then finally explain the cultural features of these sites.A new interpretation path of " retrospect ","translation" and "decoding" is explored,and it is the only feasible way to interpret the features of regional construction by means of "bottom-up".In this paper,based on the archaeological information of ancient human sites in the Heilongjiang basin,in combination with the relevant theories of human settlements environment science and archaeology,the regional construction features of ancient human sites is regarded as a complex and systematic problem.According to the logical progression of surface to inside and entity to intention,the construction features of Heilongjiang river basin is divided to five issues,they are respectively the spatial and temporal distribution characteristics,the characteristics of site environment,spatial form,construction technology,construction culture.Combined with the relevant archaeological methods,this paper puts forward the interpretation path and framework of characteristics of regional construction,and each problem is dealt with successively.In terms of spatial and temporal distribution characteristics,through filtrating the site information from atlas of cultural relics,catalogue of cultural relics survey,archaeological reports of Heilongjiang,Jilin,Inner Mongolia area,a GIS database was constructed,quantitative and visual analysis of spatial and temporal distribution of sites in different area and period was conducted.The sites distribution of Stone Age,Bronze Age,early Iron age,mature Iron age,developed Iron age,and eastern part of the Mongolian plateau,Songnen plain,Sanjiang plain and costal mountain area was explored,then the spatial and temporal distribution law and characteristics of Heilongjiang river basin are decoded.In terms of the characteristics of base environment,the ancient settlements in Heilongjiang river basin are chosen to be main study objects,and Hanwei sites group in Sanjiang plain are the most typical examples.Through landscape archaeology perspective,the Clustering characteristics along rivers and around mountains of four site groups are explored in macro-scale,and the spatial organization of the monomer site,the combination of the site with the surrounding topography,water system and vegetation was explored in micro-scale.The society forms,spatial cognition,man-earth relationship Sushen people hid behind the site space was elucidated finally.In terms of spatial form characteristics,the ancient city sites in Heilongjiang river basin are chosen to be main study objects.By tracing the types and chronology information of urban sites,urban development progress could be divided into three stages,the typical examples of first stage are mainly settlements surrounded by ditch and early Yiluo city,the typical examples of second stage are mainly grand capital and Jing Fu Zhou Xian city,the typical examples of third stage are mainly military castle.Archaeology information of city sites in different period is concentrated,the morphology of Fenglin city and Paotaishan city in Hanwei period,Longquan city and Huining city in Balhea kingdom and Jin dynasty,and other typical small cities are inferred and recovered,the characteristics of exterior space environment and interior layout of urban sites are revealed.In terms of building technical characteristics,the ancient timber-structure building sites in Heilongjiang river basin are chosen to be main study objects.By tracing the types and chronology information of building sites,the development progress of timber structure buildings was divided into three stages,typical sites of the first stage were half crypt houses and temporary camps,typical sites of the second stage were large timber frame buildings and ground buildings,and symbol of the third stage was the vanish of large wooden frame buildings.Some typical small timber buildings and large timber buildings were chosen to infer their space and structure forms,the material selection and processing,timber frame structure,heating and cold prevention measures and other technical characteristics are also explored.In terms of cultural characteristics of human sites,according to the difference of physical geography environment and production style,the habitation paradigm in Heilongjiang river basin could be concluded as nomadic pattern under the hunting and fishing civilization,settled pattern under the large scale agricultural civilization,defense pattern under the border military activities,guest living pattern of immigrant and exciled people.Through the context archaeology analysis of typical human inhabitation sites,the regional cultural connotation and its enlightment for modern society of Heilongjiang river basin which contain ecological environment,human residential space,build technology was revealed.At the same time,under the perspective of Cultural geography,Cultural anthropology and Culture communication,the features of nomadic living pattern and agricultural living pattern exist together,marginal and center unify,multi technology transplant and mix,culture merge integration and dynamic openning were also interpreted.