| The Onset Recognition Computerized Assessment (ORCA) system was developed to examine the effects of measuring three different variations of initial sound competence, an early developing phonological awareness skill. These measures, delivered via computerized and face-to-face formats, were investigated in terms of (a) equivalency of skill, (b) reliability, and (c) validity. This study employed mixed-effects, repeated-measures design with students nested in groups (i.e., monitored, unmonitored, and post test only). Differences in skill difficulty were found. Results suggest the way phonological awareness assessment was presented influenced student performance. |
