On Textbooks In The Ming And Qing Dynasties

Textbooks are the focus of curriculum research,and the construction of textbooks has been attached great importance by the state.China has a long history of educational development,as well as a history of original textbook construction.Ancient Chinese textbooks are the irreplaceable cultural source of textbook reform and innovation in the new era.Unfortunately,although some scholars have carried out the research on traditional Chinese textbooks,there is a lack of special discussion on the textbooks in Ming and Qing Dynasties,which needs further research.The textbooks of Ming and Qing Dynasties were revised on the basis of the textbook system of the Song and Yuan Dynasties,with a number of classic textbooks compiled.They were the epitome of ancient Chinese textbooks,poured into the educational ideals of the rulers and elite intellectuals of the Ming and Qing Dynasties.They reflected the development track of China's education in the past 500 years.Those textbooks are a highly condensed summary and vivid reflection of the educational ecology in the historical period of the Ming and Qing Dynasties,deeply implying the eternal thinking about Chinese education.According to the characteristics of textbook research,this study adopts the methods of literature analysis,text analysis and theoretical analysis.On the basis of sorting out the textbook system of Ming and Qing Dynasties,this study directly faces the text of textbooks,and analyzes the development background,influencing factors,knowledge system,compilation characteristics and practical value of Ming and Qing textbooks from multiple perspectives in seven chapters.In this study,the first chapter describes the significance of the Ming and Qing textbooks research,collates the research results of the Ming and Qing textbooks,contemporary textbook theory and practice research results and other related literature,and determines the research ideas: on the basis of collecting and sorting out the historical materials of Ming and Qing textbooks,analyze their evolution and development from social and cultural perspectives;and comb their knowledge categories from the perspective of knowledge;analyzing the compiling characteristics of texts from educational perspective;summarize the enlightenment on the construction of contemporary textbooks from the perspective of practice.Studies in each stage will be done step by step,converging towards the practical reference value.The second chapter analyzes the evolution and development of the textbook system in Ming and Qing Dynasties.The first is the change and spread of cultural thoughts in Ming and Qing Dynasties.The dominant position of Neo Confucianism led to the formation and continuation of the textbook system with Neo Confucianism as its religion.The rise of Luand Wang's thoughts made the textbooks more annotated and strengthened the folk dissemination of Confucian classics to a certain extent;the emergence of Yan Yuan's practical learning made the Ming and Qing textbooks present the sprout of specialized development and enriched the knowledge system of Ming and Qing textbooks.The second was the autocratic culture and education politics of Ming and Qing Dynasties Strategy and topic selection for eight-part essays.The combination of politics and religion not only made many laws and style texts become official textbooks,but also made some textbooks become the vassals of the imperial examination,which strengthened the utilitarian and conservative nature of some textbooks.The Academy lectures have formed a number of highly ideological or practical textbooks,and the collection of books in academies has greatly enriched the edition and stock of textbooks in Ming and Qing Dynasties.Fourthly,the movement of literature reviving and the trend of exegesis textual research.In this process,the scholars of Ming and Qing Dynasties made great efforts to reorganize Chinese classical culture,which not only made the ancient textbooks reach the peak,but also created great achievements in the history of Chinese culture.In the third chapter,the official school textbooks,famous academy textbooks and elementary learning textbooks during the Ming and Ding Dynasties are systematically combed.The author,background,maincontent and historical influence of the main textbooks are introduced,and more than 80 textbooks of Ming and Ding Dynasties are sorted out.The fourth chapter interprets the knowledge orientation and stock of the Ming and Ding textbooks.It presents the knowledge displayed by the history and humanity,philosophy and truth,legal and etiquette,poetry and literature,science and technology,and interprets and analyzes the specific texts.The fifth chapter analyzes the compilation characteristic of Ming and Qing textbooks,and analyzes the educational nature of Ming and Qing textbooks from three aspects of "stock","presentation" and "expression".The text stock of Ming and Qing textbooks is "rich",which can be considered as encyclopedia books based on life applications and helps learners to live a life facing to the whole,vivid practice,and generation of value significance by virtue of the richness.The textbooks of Ming and Qing Dynasties are based on the enlightenment and construction of hundred schools of thought,with plain and unvarnished reasoning styles shown in the well-arranged content layout and reasonable historical argumentation.The Ming and Qing Dynasty textbook texts are based on cultural metaphors in poetry,in which rhythms and poems,literary allusion and myths can give learners a wide range of imagination and thinking space.The sixth chapter reveals the text model of the ideal textbook basedon the analysis of the enlightenment connotation nature of the Ming and Qing textbooks.To be a critical element of local culture,the ideal textbook text should be "active" knowledge with three chains: knowledge system,expression presentation and receiving logic.As the carrier of knowledge,textbook text should realize value transcendence,while the value of the relationship between the object and the other is the functional direction of the textbook text.Teaching ecology is the barrier to realize the value transcendence of textbooks since the individual cognitive construction is the psychological logic to realize the value transcendence.The textbook text should be derived from the local culture,and expressed and presented as a part of the local culture.As the expression mode of Chinese culture,“Writings are for conveying truth.”(Wen Yi Zai Dao)should call for a return,and as beneficial experience of ancient Chinese education,“from complex to simple”(You Bo Fan Yue)should be applied.the "depth"(Hou)Orientation in textbook text is the "most economical" principle of textbook localization.As a typical representative of ancient Chinese textbooks,the Ming and Qing textbooks warned some contemporary textbooks of the extensive and empty,the abstract and direct expression of the text,the alienation and solidity of the text selection of Chinese culture.In the conclusion part,the paper analyzes the achievements and shortcomings of Ming and Qing textbooks.The textbooks of Ming andQing Dynasties were produced and spread in the Ming and Qing Dynasties,and the feudal dregs infiltrated in them should be criticized and discarded.The textbooks of Ming and Qing dynasties belong to the times of Ming and Qing Dynasties,so they cannot be applied with "take-ism",but should be transformed into modern and innovative development.Finally,the paper points out that the future education ecology will bring about revolutionary changes in the way of knowledge acquisition and teaching,and the relationship between teaching and learning.The future textbooks are also facing a new round of reform,innovation,and development demands.The textbooks of Ming and Qing Dynasties are the eternal treasures of Chinese traditional culture,which provide a unique innovative and cultural perspective for the reform and innovation of textbooks of the new era.