On The Institution Construction And Mechanism Design Of Marine Ecological Compensation

Marine ecological compensation means the institutional and mechanical arrangement, embodied in the process of marine ecological resource development and ecological protection, in light of characteristics of marine elements and corresponding standard, by means of the designated subjects(marine ecological beneficiaries, destructors and negative external generators) bearing the cost, or the government control,or the market and society regulation, achieving marine ecological restoration and protection as well as contributors or special victims gaining interest compensation in the economic and other forms. With the slump of land resources, the ocean making up 71% of the earth is becoming the new competitive highland. In the context of the modern civilization entering "the ocean era", under the guidance of the national strategy of "one belt and one road", development of marine economy has become a national strategy and a hot topic, which inevitably enables marine ecological compensation and institutional and mechanical construction to be increasingly valued by people from all walks of life, thus becoming the important issue in the current "marine era, marine century"This paper gives a profound systematic study of marine ecological compensation from the aspects including the basic theories, marine ecological compensation operation actuality and problems, domestic and foreign comparison of marine ecological compensation as well as experience reference, marine ecological compensation institution construction, and marine ecological compensation mechanism design. The paper believes that marine ecological compensation possesses four unique features, including two levels of compensation type, two categories of marine ecological compensation objects, various facets of marine ecological compensation ways and means, two levels of marine ecological compensation target. Marine ecological compensation operation has its speciality, which reflects the integrity of marine ecology, the fluidity of the ford, stereoselectivity of space, and strong dependence on the ocean and weak subjectivity. In general, based on various problems(compensation object determination, compensation standard check, compensation way selection and compensation fund source),this paper facing marine ecological compensation and operation, this paper starts from the study of marine ecological compensation institution and mechanism, thus providing more systematic, macroscopic and outlined perspective.This paper maintains that the institutional construction of marine ecological compensation is not restricted to one certain institution. Instead, it includes the ecosystem service value evaluation system, marine ecological loss value evaluation system, the government financial transfer payment system, the marine ecological compensation fund-raising system,the beneficiary compensation system, the marine ecological protection incentive system and other systems promotion and innovation, thus providing the important guarantee of the successful operation of marine ecological compensation. Marine ecological compensation mechanism is the sum of interrelationship and interaction of the value target, subject and object, operation area, compensation standard, means and methods, and guarantee institution of marine ecological compensation. It includes "ocean-land comprehensive arrangement" in " the operation area", "the economy-environment-society coordination" of " the value target", "centre-region-locality the three party linkage "of "the compensation subject", "market-government-society three-dimensional expansion mechanism" of "compensation methods", "beforehand and afterward type combination" in "the compensation phase and process", and "restoration, transfusion and hematopoiesis promotion mechanism" of "compensation levels and layers", thus providing the important driving force of the operation of marine ecological compensation.On the whole, this paper has the following innovative points. In terms of the perspective, it starts from the perspective of "comprehensive arrangement and linkage", and studies the institutional innovation and mechanical construction systematically. By means of early and pilot implementation of Guangdong,Shandong and Zhejiang province as well as the Bohai Rim, the Yangtze River Delta and the Pearl River Delta linkage, the typical case comparison of reclaimed farmland to flood-land plan of Holland, experience of the Seto Inland Sea in Japan, artificial regeneration subsidy project of Kobe in Japan, the Tasman sea vessel oil spill, the Mexico gulf oil spill, and Conocophillips oil spill, this paper verifies the feasibility of the designed institution and mechanism, and forms a series of relevant innovative points. As to compensation subject, it is essential to promote diversified expansion of "government-market-society" marine ecological compensation subject, Out of the limitation of the traditional thinking of government compensation. As to compensation object, it is of necessity to boost restoration and recovery of marine resource elements to achieve the compound development of human and material of marine ecological compensation object. With regard to how to compensate, it is necessary to go out of being restricted to the thought limitation of "terminal coping style and economic compensation", and to achieve the multi-level expansion of marine ecological compensation means featured by "transfusion and hematopoiesis,beforehand and afterward", increase various types of compensation including the development ability and opportunity, and development right of marine ecological compensation object. In the meanwhile, it is indispensable to extend the marine ecological compensation to the different link of "source and process", representing "the whole process" of marine ecological compensation instead of being confined to "the passive afterward response of the terminal." Given this, on the basis of reflection and examination of limitations and misunderstandings of "seeing the material factors to the neglect of human ones" and" afterward and compensatory relief road", the paper puts forward the compound compensation mode of "government and market and society, human factors and material ones, beforehand and afterward, transfusion and hematopoiesis" to perfect the multi-dimension of marine ecological compensation subject, means, phase and level, then constructing comprehensive marine ecological compensation institutional system, thus in the context of the ocean becoming the high ground, boosting and optimizing the operation, responding to "the international benefit gambling based on the ocean" actively, thus eventually achieving the aim of " feeding each other and living in harmony" in the "marine era".