A Taxonomic Study On The Family Eriococcidae(Hemiptera:Sternorrhyncha:Coccoidea) From China

The family Eriococcidae belongs to Hemiptera, Sternorrhyncha, Coccoidea. More than600eriococcid species are known so far in the world, which are distributed in all zoogeographic regions. All the felt scales are phytophagous insects, which can infect the plants of forest, fruit, agriculture and gardens, and cause economic losses. Therefore, the taxonomic study to Chinese Eriococcidae is indispensable.This paper begins with an overview of the classification of Eriococcidae, and introduces the materials and methods; and then elaborates the results of research and analysis in three parts including taxonomy, phylogeny and geographical distribution.In the part of taxonomy, more than500slides were observed and identified, and the references were gathered, and13genera and63species are recorded in China including one new genus, Macroporicoccus Nan&Wu,2013; six new species, Eriococcus berberisi Nan&Wu,2011, Rhizococcus isodoni Nan&Wu,2013, E. beijingensis sp. n., E. fanjingshanensis sp. n., E. melicae sp. n. and E. puccinelliae sp. n.; two new record in China, E. munroi (Boratynski,1962), R. herbaceus Danzig,1962; and one new combination, Macroporicoccus ulmi (Tang&Hao,1995).(Except the four new species referred in this paper, others all had been published before.) Nineteen eriococcid species are described in detail, with addition of illustrations of19adult females,7first-instar nymphs and2second-instar females. And keys are added to the family and genera of felt scales from China.In the part of phylogeny, phylogenetic trees are built from Bayesian analyses respectively of10418S and7228S sequences obtained from eriococcids and representatives of other common neococcoid families (1718S and2328S sequences were made in the present study) to preliminarily analyzes the phylogeny within the Eriococcidae and other families. The result indicates the non-monophyly and three main clades of the Eriococcidae again. Of the involved eriococcids from China, Kuwanina parva, Macroporicoccus ulmi and Asiacornococcus kaki belong to "BSE"(Beesoniidae+Stictococcidae+Eriococcus) clade; Kuwanina betula belongs to "Gondwanan" clade; and the remaining species fall within "Acanthococcid" clade. Of other families’representatives, Beesoniidae and Stictococcidae’s fall within "BSE" clade; Dactylopiidae’s fall within "Acanthococcid" clade; and Diaspididae’s may fall among the three main clades of eriococcids.In the part of geographical distribution, it first collates the information of geographical distribution of eriococcid genera and species from China, and analyzes the Chinese faunal component of Eriococcidae. It turns out:in general level, the eriococcids in Palearctic region predominate in China, followed by the ones in Oriental region; in species level, the eriococcids has4types of distribution, i.e. Palearctic type (39species), Oriental type (9), Palearctic+Oriental type (14) and Palearctic+Neoarctic type (1), which indicates that the felt scales in Palearctic region predominate in China; and there are27species currently only known from China. At last, comparing with the eriococcids from other neighbours, Russia shared the largest number (14) of common species with China.All specimens studied are deposited in the Insect Collection, the Department of Forestry Protection, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, China (BFUC).