Research On Institutions And Policies In Speeding Up Chinas Urbanization

Speeding up urbanization has become our national strategy. However, urbanization is a complex, long-term systematic process. Especially, due to the long-term shackle of planned economy in the past to urban-rural relations, some institutions of mutual constraints hampered the development of urbanization. Therefore, how to establish new institutions of rural and urban areas and accelerating urbanization process become an urgent requirement to our social and economic development.In view of this, this paper based on the research of the main factors to urbanization, farmers migration patterns and its practical obstacles, with accelerating urbanization process as a starting point, making a systematic study of support security institutions to China’s urbanization system, and exploring institutional arrangements of urbanization system which is compatible with the principles of market economic evolution, in order to bring some useful insights for the reform of our urbanization institutions and provide theoretical support for formulating relevant policies. In the course of the study, this paper draws the following conclusions:(1) During 1978 to 2008, as a whole, China’s urbanization process presented a steady upward trend, but regional urbanization was imbalanced and seriously lagged behind the level of economic development, the level of industrialization and industrial structure adjustment. Based on the analysis of the main factors to urbanization such as resources, economic industry, policy and culture, we can calculate the average per capita living space of urban, middle or higher education proportion of the rural population, the number of ten thousands of agricultural technicians, the number of total power per hectare of cultivated land, rural per capita net income and other factors have relatively big influences to urbanization process by using principal component analysis method. All the factors can be specifically concluded to two aspects: rural thrust force and urban pull force, but their pros and cons are associated with the national policies. Therefore, in the urbanization process, we must grasp the main factors, adapting to the direction of market mechanism gradually and making timely relevant institutional reforms in order to create conditions for rural resident migrating to cities.(2) On the premise of constructing economic decision-making model in peasant movement, make an analysis of China’s rural labor resources and their utilization. The rural surplus labor transfer process since 1978 was divided into four stages. This paper focused on the employment of rural surplus labor force transfer in this stage, demographic characteristics, reception area and transfer industries, finding that the transfer of rural surplus labor force was great impacted by institutional policy, significant characteristics of transfer population, wide gap of the regional transfer and notable by-business character. Obstacles to the development of urbanization were concluded to six aspects: constraints of the household registration system, difficulties in land transfer, downgrade of the rural enterprises, lag construction of small towns, incomplete labor market and deficiency of social security system.(3) With the development of market economy, the contradictions between the traditional household registration system and new system have become increasingly prominent, which have not only greatly hampered the development of farmers, rural areas and agriculture, but also profoundly impacted the operation of urban society. The current household registration system reform in China exists a number of bottlenecks, such as high barriers to entry urban registration, superficial reform policies, inequitable distribution for basic education resources, lack of legal guidance, seriously short of public facilities and services; so reinforcing reform such as gradually stripping the rights and welfare attached to household registration, to seek household registration which can be balanced between fairness and efficiency and required supporting resource management system is necessary. For this reason, the aim of the reform of household registration system and“three-step”reform plan were proposed; in the meantime, the household registration system reform program from the angles of speeding up new rural construction, impelling capitalization of rural property rights, introduction of modern management, changing collocation methods of administrative resources was presented.(4) Against the problems of urban land system such as the less percentage of land market collocation, the lack of effective control of the price formation mechanism, serious localism of income distribution, incomplete relevant laws and regulations, reform countermeasures as innovating the existing land tenure system, unifying department management authority, establishing and completing agency system, improving trade market and price mechanism and clearing benefits distribution were presented; as for the disadvantages of fuzzy rural land property rights, small-scale crushing operations, non-normal land transfer, unreasonable land requisition system and frequent land contract changes, innovative models of rural land system like the clarity of rural land contractual management, free circulation of land management rights, strengthening national management, rich resettlement modes for landless peasants and so on while adhering to diversity and measures that suit local conditions, perfect rural financial system, establishment of healthy social security system, solving problems of loss of land exchange entitlements and strengthening its legislative work.(5) In-depth analysis of impacts from property rights transformation of town enterprises to urbanization and non-agricultural economy, from the full range of national policy supporting town enterprises into cities and its negative impact to rural development, rural condition cannot meet development demands of town enterprises, cities providing protection and conditions to the development of town enterprises, town enterprises creating broad perspective of space to the development of cities. The feasibility of town enterprises gathering to cities was analyzed; and strategic initiatives like providing legal support, improving the investment environment, constructing industrial enterprises park, adjusting industrial product structure, matching system reform and the path of sustainable development were proposed.(6) The essay explored the basic boost of infrastructure construction to the progress of urbanization , analyed the current problems of urban infrastructure that existing , the essay also extracted the principles and content that should be followed in reform and drafted the future infrustructure planning of the urban construction, and apart from that ,it come up with the measures of increasing the urban infrastructure to broaden the financing channels, total, advancing market reforms and establishing a perfect the market economy system , taking the concept of low carbon to the agenda of the urban infrastructure construction as well. The author believes that the urban infrastructure construction should be start from the reality and avoid "image projects" overflowed, and all kinds of projects development ought to layout to reduce the environmental pollution. it also need to strengthen international exchanges and cooperation so as to take the advanced experience of developed country for reference, in addition to this, we should perfect the relevant laws and regulations, and pay much attention to deal with the quality problems and the construction.(7)In the detailed analysis of the situation and characteristics of urban management system, thinks that the urban management system does not match the social needs of urban development, the scientific characteristics of existing system is not strong, the administration ignores the laws, and lack the rights for ordinary people to participate in the management system. Thus explores in depth of the root causes of current issues of urban management system, proposes "small body, big service ", "small government, big society " as new specific goals of the urban management system, and in order to reform the current urban management system ,should take measures from the aspects of transforming of government functions to improve public management functions; promoting the normalization of the executive power of urban government; appropriately and reasonably adjusting the urban administrative divisions; promoting the rationalization of urban institutions to reduce administrative costs; building administrative level-distinct towns system; improving the financial management skills.(8)The existence of the coverage of China’s social security systems is small, security level is low, security responsibilities are not balanced, also with duality, reverse regulatory, exploratory and diversity, and in the particularly urban farmer-workers and landless farmers are usually lack of social security, which has a great relationship with the current land reform and development of agricultural production technology and the market economy, thus proposes reform of the social security system should follow the principles of legal system, local conditions, the combination of equity and efficiency, short-term objectives and long-term goals ,and takes the road of "from two to three sides and then unification ", and launching reforms in social assistance, social insurance, social welfare and housing support, so as to ensure the smooth progress of urbanization.Innovations in this essay:(1)Innovation in perspectives. Urbanization involving all kinds of issues is a longtime and complex process. A number of regulations and policies used to conflict with each other, which restricted the urbanization progress. Not only analyzing the regulations and policies that advance the urbanization process, but also researching the relationships between them, the essay provides an overall idea of system innovations. Instead of focusing on the existing urbanization, the essay starts with the complicated urbanization system, and paves a smooth and solid foundation for the urbanization process.(2)Unique analysis. The essay analyzes the process of China’s urbanization and the evolution and the status quo of the surplus rural labors, and indicates the phase that China’s urbanization is at in its course. It builds mathematical models to analyze the factors that restrict the urbanization process, and evaluates how much each factor will restrict the process. On the grounds of the conclusions, the essay researched the related regulations that effect China’s urbanization, namely; household registration system, land system, the system of township enterprises, urban infrastructure and public facilities systems, urban management system, and the social security system.(3) The essay brings forward a few innovations within the household registration system, land system, the system of township enterprises, urban infrastructure and public facilities systems, urban management system, and the social security system. It summarizes the characters and the status quos of these systems and puts forward their influences on the urbanization. The suggestions the essay offers such as the household registration system, the multiple land systems and the social security systems are of certain innovative highlights.