The Study On The Issue Of The Transfer Of Surplus Rural Labor Force In China

There are many rural populations which is China's basic national conditions. The key to solve the three agricultural issues (agriculture, farmer and rural areas) is to solve the issues about farmers, and the key to solve the issues about farmers is to solve the transfer of surplus rural labor force. The purpose of this paper is to promote the study on the transfer of surplus labor force in Chinese rural areas and to explore a new path, the paper is from an angle of new socialist countryside, its object is the basic theory, history and reality of transfer of surplus labor force in Chinese rural areas.First of all, this paper defines the related concepts about the transfer of rural surplus labor force, and studies the domestic and foreign research on this problem. This article defines the connotation of agriculture, farmers, migrant workers and farmers, and defines the meaning of labor force, agriculture labor and rural labor force ,then analyses the surplus labor in agriculture and the surplus labor force in rural areas. The paper thinks that the transfer of rural surplus labor force generally refers to a transfer of employment of rural surplus labor, and its essence is a transfer of labor force from agriculture to the secondary and tertiary industries. But for China, the true sense of transfer of rural surplus labor force refers to a transfer from agriculture to non-farming industries and re-employment. This paper thinks that the real connotation on the transfer of rural surplus labor force should be that surplus rural labor force has the registered permanent residence in cities, they enjoy the right of social security of cities, and they have a stable work which differs from agriculture.On the basis of the related concepts, this paper studies the basic theory about the surplus rural labor force. The foreign research focus on the theories of Lewis ,Celanese - Fei, Jorgensen, Todaro, Harris, Stark briefly. The domestic research focus on the theory on Yigong and Yinong theory, as well as internal and external transfer theory briefly.Secondly, this paper studies the actuality and course of the transfer about China's surplus rural labor, and reveals six characteristics on geography, industry , way , benefits, stage, imbalance of transfer of surplus labor force in Chinese rural area .Based on the simple analysis on the actuality about the transfer of surplus rural labor force in developed and developing countries , I think that it is not a an accidental phenomenon that we have many surplus labor force in rural areas, but a consequence that many factors are intertwined. In general, the main factors of surplus rural labor force in China include that our country's dual economic structure, the level of Chinese economic development, and the constant accretion of China's rural population , and so on. Then, this paper analyses the process , actuality , features and significance on the transfer of Chinese surplus rural labor.This paper points out: Since 1949, the transfer of surplus labor force in Chinese rural areas has gone through a devious road. As a mark of the Third Plenary Session of the 11th Central Committee, the transfer of Chinese surplus rural labor force could be divided into two stages,and the contents of transfer are significant differences in the two stages. Since reform and opening up, even though the transfer of Chinese rural surplus labor has made tremendous achievements, from the whole of transfer ,it is a unstable transfer from rural to city for the surplus labor force,because the rural labor force only work at leisure time to earn money to subsidize home ,they don't look for a real living space in city. From the current situation of transfer, there are two types,one is a transfer to city from village , another is a transfer based on occupation.This paper thinks that the transfer of rural surplus labor force is a very complex socio-economic systematical project. There are six important characteristics from the practice of transfer on rural surplus labor: the geographical features, the industrial characteristics, the beneficial characteristics, the characteristics of mode, the characteristics of phase and the characteristics of imbalance. At the same time, I also think that the transfer of rural surplus labor force is benefit for the change of China's industrial structure and the promotion of urban construction, which has very important significance and value.Thirdly, this paper compares the domestic and foreign mode of transfer on the rural surplus labor force and their characteristics. Since the reform and opening-up, we have two changes from the angle of the mode of transfer, that is a transfer in same place from 1978 to 1988,and a transfer in different place in 1989. The transfer in same place refers a transfer mode that does not move to other place, the transfer needs offer more work chances in inner agriculture or develops non-agriculture in village. The transfers in different place refers a transfer mode that moves from village to other place and do some things different from agriculture. Then, this paper analyses the transfer of rural surplus labor in the United Kingdom, the United States, Japan and other developed Western countries, that is a mode of government-led ,free movement, strategy-led government and so on. I think China's surplus rural labor transfer mode has its own characteristics compared with the early industrialization of the developed countries. The process of industrialization coincides with the transfer of rural surplus labor force in the developed countries, but they don't coincide in our country. The city is attractive to the transfer of surplus rural labor force during the process of industrialization in the developed country, but the rural labor force is a giant pressure for the city in China. The rural labor force move from village to city during the process of industrialization in developed countries, but the transfer of surplus rural labor force is a temporary movement in China. The shift of rural labor force is to relatively dense cities in developed countries, but the shift is to relatively dispersive middle or small-sized cities in China.Finally, the paper analyses the system factors, market factors, policy factors and diathesis factors that restrict the transfer of rural surplus labor force deeply. On the basis, this paper promotes five countermeasures to promote the transfer of surplus rural labor force of China. I think that China's rural population is in a large proportion, the transfer of rural labor force is inevitable and has achieved some success, with the improvement of technological level in agriculture and of diathesis of farmers. But in China, there are still many factors that limit and restrict the transfer of rural surplus labor. The system factor is the first factor, which mainly comprises land system and household registration system. Market factor is the second factor, which mainly refers the urban and rural labor force market. The policy factor is the third factor, which mainly refers the policies, strategies that are constituted by the Party and state. Diathesis factor is the forth factor, which refers the diathesis of labor factor.This paper brings forward five approaches to promote the transfer of surplus labor force in China. First, we must establish a unified urban and rural labor market. At present, an important feature of Chinese labor market is that the areas is divided by the urban and the rural.The dual labor market and its disharmony not only restrict the transfer of Chinese surplus rural labor force, but also bring many bad effects for the harmony between the urban and the rural.We should establish firstly a coordinated urban and rural labor market and eliminate the state of dual labor market, in order to facilitate the transfer of rural surplus labor force. Second, we should make great efforts to develop non-agricultural industries.This includes adjusting the agricultural structure, carrying out the industrialization of agriculture and promoting the development of township enterprises, and so on. Third,we should promote the coordinated development between urban and rural economy furtherly. The coordinated development of urban and rural surplus labor force in rural areas is a prerequisite for the transfer. In order to promote China's surplus rural labor transfer furtherly, we should break the traditional system of division of urban and rural areas, develop the rural areas through the development of city, develop the agriculture through the industry, develop the agriculture and township enterprises through industrialization and city modernization, and we could form a new interaction pattern that the urban and the rural develop and promote together. Fourth, we should speed up urbanization. This paper thinks that China's urbanization level is still very low, which results in a disharmony development between the urban and the rural, which also impacts the transfer of rural surplus labor. Carrying out the strategy of urbanization in rural areas, which is a basis approach to speed up the transfer of surplus rural labor from agriculture to the secondary and the tertiary industry, to solve the three agricultural issues, to realize a harmony development between the urban and the rural. Fifth, we should enhance the overall diathesis of the rural labor force. It is an important factor that the level of diathesis of the rural labor force for the transfer of rural surplus labor force, therefore,we should improve the overall diathesis of the rural labor force from the social point of view of systems project, in order to speed up the transfer of rural surplus labor force.