The Ecological Diversity And Molecular Identification Of Macrofungi

1.Investigation on the Ecological Diversity of Macrofungi The Ecological characteristics of 422 species of macrofungi have been investigated.These macrofungi were divided into 12 ecological types, they are saprophytic fungi on wood,saprophytic fungi on straws and fallen leaves, saprophytic fungi on dung, saprophytic fungion soil, fungi as plant parasites, fungi as insect parasites, fungi as fungus parasites,ectomycorrhizal fungi, fungi forming lichen, symbiotic fungi associated with insects,symbiotic fungi associated with Gastrodia elata Bl and fungi associated with other fungi insymbiotic relation. The ecological diversity of macrofungi in China and its study methodswere discussed. Also, 94 photographs showing the ecological diversity of macrofungi inChina were provided. 2.Molecular Identification of Mycelia in Macrofungi Traditional method of species identification in fungi is mainly based on characteristics ofsporocarps. Spawn of macrofungi is commonly mycelium. Therefore, the speciesidentification of spawn cannot be directly conducted. To identify spawn of domesticmacrofungi, they can be cultivated to obtain fruiting body, but the way takes longer time,generally, it spends more than a month, it need even a year for some species. Moreover, theway is not useful for untamed macrofungi. The molecular method can identify species offungi using mycelium. In past study, RAPD and ITS-RFLP were major techniques applyingto molecular identification of macrofungus mycelium. However, RAPD is less reliable,ITS-RFLP lacks enough accuracy to distinguish some species. In addition, both mycelia andtheir original sporocarps were necessary for molecular identification in most of past study. In this study, species identification of macrofungus mycelium was conducted based onDNA sequences in the ITS region of rDNA. The method writes as follows: ITS regions ofrDNA of fungi identified are amplified and sequenced, the sequences determined werecompared with those registered in DNA sequence database on Internet, then identificationresults were obtained according to comparing results and other biological information inDNA sequence database on Internet. Firstly, 3 isolates from sporocarps belonging respectively to Pleurotus eryngii, P.nebrodensis, and P. salmoneostramineus, which were previously proved to be spawn of this 3domestic edible fungi by cultivating identification, were identified using above molecularmethod, the results are consistent with that obtained by cultivating identification. It indicatesthat the method of molecular Identification is feasible and its identification result is reliable.iv 大型真菌的生态多样性及分子鉴定Then 6 isolates from sporocarps belonging respectively to 6 species of ectomycorrhizal fungiwere identified, the results show that every one of these isolates, except the isolate from thesporocarp of Tricholoma matsutake, were not the spawn of their original sporophores. The isolate from sporocarp of Suillus luteus was proved to belong to Schizophyllumcommune by both molecular and cultivating identifications. The isolate from sporocarp ofTelephore ganbajun was proved to belong to Fusarium sp. by both molecular andmorphological identifications. Both isolates from Suillus grevillei and Gomphidius roseushave same sequence in the ITS region of rDNA. The sequence and that of an endophyticfungus registered in GenBank have higher homology. That is, about 97% (599 of 920) of theirnucleotide sequence is consistent. The endophytic fungus was isolated from Taxus mairei inTaiwan, which belongs to basidiomycetes. The ITS sequence of the isolate from sporocarp ofLeccinum holopus has less similarity with those in DNA database on Internet (less than 78%). In addition, a DNA fragment was amplified using the universal primers ITS1/ITS4 andthe gDNA of Poria cocos, which is about 1700bp and obviously longer than the ITS region ofother fungi. The sequences of two parts in the frag...