| The water source in the upstream of the river basin is designated as an area by the state to protect water resource environment that is relatively fragile,and the former have a direct impact on the latter.Residents as beneficiaries in the downstream enjoy free access to forest ecological services provided by the upstream,but forest farmers'rights are limited in order to protect water resource environment in the drinking water conservation area of the upstream.Beneficiaries are obliged to compensate for forest farmers'losses.The government's financial transfer payment is characteristic by single compensation method,low compensation standard,and limited compensation funds,which is very difficult to make up for forest farmers'economic loss,so it is the most important to implement cross-regional compensation.Forest ecological compensation of river basin is an effective method to internalize external costs that aims to coordinate the profit and loss relationship between environmental protection and ecological service enjoyed,and correct interregional benefit sharing mechanism.The study is divided into eleven chapters,Chapter?to Chapter?are the core,and main researching can be summarized in two parts:(1)Theoretical analysis.Firstly,the logical relationship between compensation object of the upstream and compensation subject of the downstream needs to be clarified according to stakeholder theory and evolutionary game theory,namely“who are the compensation subjects and objects respectively”.The above problem is abstracted by building an evolutionary game model.Secondly,transfer value of forest ecological service and impact of forest resources from the upstream on water resources of the downstream can be analyzed from the view of ecosystem service theory and increase precipitation and runoff depending on the behaviour of forest-hydroresource system,namely“what to compensate for'and‘why to compensate”.Finally,compensation standard and compensation method are to make the economics interpretation on the basis of public goods theory and externality theory respectively,namely“what is the amount of compensation”and“how to compensate”.(2)Empirical analysis.On the basis of descriptive statistics for survey datas of 346 forset farmers from Qingyuan county,Xinbin county and Fushun county and 970 residents from Fushun city,Shenyang city section,Liaozhong county,Liaoyang county,Dengta city,Haicheng city and Taian county,and WTA of forest farmers is measured and its influencing factors can be analyzed by the Tobit regression model,and then the Quantile model is introduced to study the difference among different degrees of WTA.Secondly,residents'WTP is studied for basic rising water price in Fushun city and Shenyang city section by the extension framework of IAD model,and some influencing factors and their affordability is analyzed respectively by Logit model and ELES model.WTP is used to measure the residents'willingness of Liaozhong County,Liaoyang County,Dengta City,Haicheng City and Taian County,logit regression model is to study their influencing factors.Finally,based on the calculation results of forest farmers'WTA and residents'WTP,the compensation standard will be determined.The main findings of this study are as follows:Firstly,the core of the game between stakeholders of the upstream and ones of the downstream in Hunhe river basin is whether or not they choose environmental protection or pay fee.Analysis of stakeholders'selection strategy by the evolutionary game model is to discover that if forest farmers'benefits are greater than protection cost,they are willing to protect ecological environment so that stable equilibrium(protection-compensation)may be achieved.When forest farmers give up protecting,upper level government as third-party should be introduced to restrain in order to ensure implementation of the forest ecological compensation in river basin.Secondly,forest ecological services from the upstream transferring to the downstream in space generate a spatial spillover effect.The total value of forest ecological service of Hunhe river basin is 41.3641 million yuan.Transferring value of forest ecological service from upstream to downstream calculated by breaking point formula and with ArcGIS9.3 is95.3567 million yuan.The maximum transferring value is 31.1851 million yuan in Fushun city,and the minimum one is 2.6872 million yuan in Taian Country.Thirdly,there is a significantly spatial correlation between Transferring value of forest ecological services from the upstream and water resources from the downstream.Take Shenyang for example,transferring value of forest ecological services of the upstream from2011 to 2015,which have an influence on water resources of the downstream by the path analysis have been studied.The results show that forest ecological services of the upstream have transferred,the water content of soil is hydrologically circulated through surface and underground runoff,and the flow of rivers is the channel to the downstream,which indirectly affects water supply in Shenyang section that generates positive externality.Fourthly,the proportion of forest farmers'WTA is as high as 93.36%,the maximum average WTA is 37.88 yuan per mu,and the proportion of ecological forest,annual household income and recognition of compensation standard are significant affecting factors,and annual household income of them is characterized by“inverted U shape”.Fifthly,residents are willing to pay in order to protect forest ecological environment in the upstream.This paper studies residents'WAP for basic rising water price in Fushun city and Shenyang city section and then analyzes some influencing factors by the extension framework of IAD model and their affordability by ELES model.The results show that74.60%of residents are willing to compensate for forestry farmers in the upstream by means of basic raising water price.Residents'accepted affordability is that basic raising water price is less than 0.18 yuan per m~3.76.48%of residents are willing to pay,their average WTP reaches 12.16 yuan per year.Residents'WTP is influenced by multi-dimensional variables such as individual and family characteristics,external environment,current situation and cognition,and they are positively related to each other.Sixthly,compensation standard is 82.2525 million yuan per year depending on forest farmers'WTA of the upstream and residents'WTP of the downstream,and the allocation of compensation funds is affected by the basin areas,the forest areas of river basin and the values of the forest ecological service transferred from the upstream to the downstream.The contribution coefficient of Qingyuan County,Xinbin County,and Fushun County is 50.80%,41.15%and 8.05%respectively,and the corresponding allocation amounts of forest ecological compensation are 41.7843 million yuan,33.8469 million yuan,and 6.6213 million yuan.The innovation of this study may be as follows:Firstly,innovative research contents:(1)Based on“who are the compensation subjects and compensation objects respectively”,“what to compensate for”,“why to compensate”,“what is the amount of compensation”and“how to compensate”,this paper establishes the analytical framework of forest ecological compensation mechanism of river basin,including stakeholders of the upstream and downstream,forest ecological services provided by the upstream,forest farmers'WTA and residents'WTP,compensation standards,compensation methods and compensation policies;(2)Financial transfer payments are characteristic of low compensation standard and single compensation method,this study takes Fushun city and Shenyang city section as examples,forest farmers of the upstream would be compensated by raising basic water price,increasing the compensation funds and enriching the compensation methods.Secondly,research perspective and method application are innovative points.Existing studies on ecological compensation of river basin focus on water resources pollution and water rights'allocation.Spillover values of ecological service in river basin could be measured by direct cost method,opportunity cost method and shadow project method.From the perspective of ecological compensation for forest resources of river basin,forest service value transferred from the upstream to the downstream in Hunhe river basin is measured dynamically with ArcGIS9.3 in this paper,which provides the new idea for estimating the spillover value of forest ecological service in the river basin. |
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