Research On Zhang Zhidong’s Shu Mu DA Wen Academic Theory

Zhang Zhidong’s Shu Mu Da Wen,published in the second year of Guangxu of the Qing Dynasty(1876),is a resumption and comprehensive reflection on traditional old learning,following Si Ku Zong Mu published in the late 18th century.Shu Mu Da Wen records more than 2200 kinds of old academic literature,with a small note under each book explaining information such as the author,version,and content of the literature.Through the subdivision of the five categories of classics,history,sub-collections,collections,and series and their sub-categories,with brief prefaces and case statements introducing the principles of category setting and book collection standards and other issues.This series of bibliographic forms has no lack of inheritance to the ancient catalogues represented by Si Ku Zong Mu.However,based on the increasingly declining social reality during the Self-Strengthening Movement,Zhang Zhidong proposed the academic ideal and talent demand of "encouraging scholars with practical learning".The "practical study" takes"examination" and "economy" as the specific content,respectively pointing to the time dimensions of "ancient" and "modern".Therefore,the bibliographic forms of Shu Mu Da Wen such as bibliography,small notes,classifications,prefaces,and case essays all have unique characteristics,in order to reveal the details of academic development and reflect Zhang Zhidong’s self-awareness of academic thought.In short,through the "careful selection"of literature and the division and reorganization of the traditional four-part system,Shu Mu Da Wen reorganizes the "practical" knowledge in the four-part system of the subset of economic history,so that it moves from the periphery of the traditional knowledge structure to the center,changing the knowledge map of traditional scholarship "ignorant of the world".Shu Mu Da Wen also creates an independent ideological system with its highly directional book coding mode.Therefore,Shu Mu Da Wen is no longer a pure document order system,but through the documentary sorting of appearances,it is necessary to construct a reasonable form of old academic knowledge,and clearly respond to the question of "what books should be read,and what books should be good".And in the bibliographic planning pointed by the guide,Zhang zhidong’s personal view of knowledge and talent is extended,and finally achieves a rational plan for the future and destiny of the country,showing a clear "thinking of being out of position".Based on the theory of big data,this paper also analyzes the bibliography,classification and evaluation of the academic works of Yangzhou scholars in ShuMuDaWen,and reveals the main achievements of the Yangzhou School in the academic categories of the subsets of economic history and its status and influence in the overall academic map of the country.The case study of the Yangzhou School also helps to further understand the gains and losses of ShuMuDa Wen in the cognition and expression of academic thought.