Research On Domestic Pigs In The Song Dynasty From The Perspective Of Social And Cultural Histor

The history of human beings is not a single human history,but a history of a large number of accompanying animals.To fully understand human history,we must focus on animals.As a cultural product of human society,livestock can be said to be accompanied by the historical development of human beings.Among many livestock,because it is difficult for domestic pigs to move over long distances,have more litters,and have a short growth cycle,it is naturally suitable for agricultural society and has gradually become a symbol of farming culture.At the same time,ancient China also has obvious agricultural social characteristics.Therefore,the study of pig culture is undoubtedly a window into the social characteristics of Chinese historical period.As an era connecting the preceding and the following in ancient China,the Song Dynasty was an important period of social transformation,and great changes had taken place in many aspects such as economy,politics and culture.At the same time,the Song Dynasty is a population peak in the history of our country,the total population for the first time exceeded 100 million,but the territory is greatly reduced compared to the previous unified dynasty,the ruling area is basically in the traditional Han farming area.Under the great pressure of survival,Song people ’s development and utilization of resources became more and more refined,and social competition became increasingly fierce.During this period,the interaction between domestic pigs and human beings also showed new characteristics,such as widespread feeding and wide use.Based on these characteristics,the pig culture of the Song Dynasty derived from these characteristics is a concentrated reflection of the social characteristics of the Song Dynasty and the psychological activities of the Song people.Therefore,the study of domestic pigs in the Song Dynasty is not limited to the study of the history of traditional animal husbandry.It is more critical to examine the culture derived from domestic pigs in the Song Dynasty from the perspective of social and cultural history.This culture includes not only the material level but also the spiritual level.From the perspective of social and cultural history,understand history from the perspective of the relationship between man and animals.Taking human culture as the core,explore the interaction between human and animals,reveal the image of animals in human culture,explore the status and role of animals in human social culture,and determine the role of animals in human society,politics,religion,morality and other fields.It is a new research perspective and paradigm for interpreting traditional animals,and provides a new perspective and thinking for exploring the society of the Song Dynasty.The full text mainly includes the following aspects :The introduction part is mainly composed of three parts : the reason and significance of the topic,academic review and research objectives,related concepts and research methods.The research is mainly based on the research paradigm of social and cultural history,based on historical methods,and draws on the theories and methods of anthropology,sociology,philosophy and other related disciplines.The first chapter mainly introduces the breeding and trade of pigs in the Song Dynasty,which is introduced from three aspects : breed,feeding and trade.In terms of the varieties of domestic pigs in the Song Dynasty,while using the text data,the image historical materials were also used to make a preliminary classification of the domestic pig varieties in the Song Dynasty according to the appearance characteristics of domestic pigs.In terms of pig breeding,this paper introduces the breeding methods and feeds,and summarizes the characteristics of pig breeding in the Song Dynasty,such as diverse purposes,low cost and huge scale.In terms of domestic pig trade,this paper introduces the various domestic pig trading methods in the Song Dynasty and the price fluctuations in different stages and regions.In general,pig breeding in the Song Dynasty generally pursued economic benefits.To a large extent,it made use of realistic conditions and achieved a balance between resource endowment and realistic needs.It not only saved resources by ’ poor breeding ’,but also met the nutrients needed for pig growth,and even took into account the needs of pig fattening.The second chapter mainly introduces the consumption and application of pigs in the Song Dynasty,including food,sacrifice and medicine.In terms of consumption,the consumption of pork was gradually accepted in the Song Dynasty.On the whole,it showed a trend of gradually widening the consumption population,and created rich pork dishes.In terms of sacrifice,pigs,as an important sacrifice,are widely used in both official and folk sacrifices.In the official sacrifice,there are mainly ritual requirements for pigs,forming a relatively complete set of management methods;the way of using pigs in folk sacrifices depends more on the financial resources of the organizers.The rich sacrifices use multiple whole pigs,while the poor sacrifices only use pig heads,pig feet and other parts of the trunk.In terms of medicine,the concept of drug use in the Song Dynasty has changed,and the use of pigs as medicine has increased,and the classification is detailed and the production is diverse.The pig ’s trunk,internal organs and even excreta have become important sources of drugs;at the same time,through the experiments of today ’s people,it is shown that a considerable part of pork is indeed scientific.Using pigs as medicine not only takes into account science,but also can be borne by ordinary Song people.The third chapter mainly introduces the domestic pigs in the spiritual culture of the Song people,including the institutionalized Confucianism,Buddhism,Taoism and mixed folk beliefs.In the institutionalized thoughts of Confucianism,Buddhism and Taoism in the Song Dynasty,pigs were often used to express some moral evaluations.For example,Confucianism believed that pigs were stupid,Buddhism believed that pigs were ’ idiotic ’,and Taoism believed that pigs were humble.In addition to moral evaluation,Confucianism believes that the symbol of pig ’s pastoral life,Buddhism uses pigs to exhort killing behavior,and Taoism uses pigs to construct fairy morphology.In terms of folk beliefs,it is mainly discussed from three aspects : killing industry,spirit and monster,and dream omen witchcraft.In the Song Dynasty,there was a trend of "three religions in one." The understanding of pigs in the Song Dynasty was influenced by Confucianism,Buddhism,Taoism and the original concept.It was a complex cognitive form of " original " and " creative " coexistence.The tail theory mainly discusses the symbolic significance of the pig in the Song Dynasty and the society of the Song Dynasty reflected by the pig culture.First of all,the pig has the symbolic meaning of desire,fertility and wealth in the Song Dynasty.These symbols reflect the group value orientation and psychological state of the Song people.Secondly,the pig culture in the Song Dynasty also responded to the social changes in the Tang and Song Dynasties.The activity of a large number of pig farmers and pig traders reflects the enhancement of social mobility and the weakening of personal attachment.This emerging group also impacted the old social order,and a large number of ’ evil ’ stories appeared at one time.These ’ evil ’ stories reflected the influence of Buddhism in the Song Dynasty and the risk aversion tendency of the Song people in the face of potential risks.Finally,the Song Dynasty pig added the label of " stupid," emphasizing whether stupid or not reflects that in the Song Dynasty ’s " rich and poor " society," material foolishness " has become the key factor for the Song people to win social competition.