| The quality of stored wheat may be affected by the storage time,storage environment,microorganisms,and mycotoxins.These factors may reduce its nutritional value and taste,making it unsuitable for human food.However,stored wheat has excellent nutrition and is the potential for goose feed due to its price advantage and roughage tolerance in geese.Assessing the nutritional value of stored wheat on geese and studying its suitable application techniques were very important to promote goose production.In this experiment,we selected the stored wheat from the same variety,same cultivation method,same harvest field,and different storage years for a nutritional evaluation.Firstly,the nutritional value of wheat was evaluated by physical determination,chemical analysis,and metabolic tests.Then,we studied the application value of stored wheat in goose for meat by feeding trial,slaughter trial,chemical detection method,high-performance liquid chromatography,histochemical analysis,and economic efficiency analysis.The effect of storage years on the nutritional value of wheat was studied,and the suitable dietary levels of stored wheat were concluded in goslings.This study filled the gap of applying stored wheat in goslings and provided critical parameters for the scientific feed formulation of geese production.Experiment 1.Assessment of the nutritional value of wheat stored for years in goose feedThis study includes two parts.We evaluated the nutritional value of wheat stored for years in goose feed.In the first part,the chemical composition,mycotoxin content,major non-starch polysaccharides(NSP),and amino acid content of four different storage years of wheat through laboratory analysis.In the first part,metabolic energy,conventional nutrients,and amino acid(AA)utilization of wheat in different storage years were obtained by metabolic tests.A fasting-forced feeding method conducted a metabolic trial using 24 adult 280 d-old geese.These geese were healthy and close in weight(4.31±0.25 kg).They were randomly divided into four groups,feeding one of the four wheat of different storage years(1,2,3,and 4 years),with six replicates per group and one goose per replicate.The wheat was harvested from the same species,same cultivation site,and with the same cultivation method.The results showed that:(1)This study’s wheat of four storage years had high GE,CP,AA,and starch contents.All the contents of three main mycotoxins in the wheat of each storage year were lower than the national standard of "Feed Hygiene Standard." Therefore,they could be used as feed ingredients for goslings.(2)The content of DM,GE,CP,EE,TP,AA,and starch in the wheat stored for 1-4 years is relatively stable in this experiment,and the coefficients of variation were small.In contrast,the coefficients of variation of NDF,ADF,mannan,glucan,and other indicators were significant.(3)The utilization ratio of mannans,glucan,hemicellulose,NDF,ADF,and starch of wheat by geese increased linearly with the increasing storage years(P<0.05).(4)The mean value of AME and TME for all groups of goslings in the metabolic trail was 14.38 MJ/kg and 15.51 MJ/kg|,with 14.12,14.45,15.34,and 13.59 MJ/kg for wheat stored 1,2,3 and 4 years,respectively,and 15.35,15.54,16.40 and 14.76 MJ/kg for TME,respectively,and The AME and TME of wheat stored for three years were significantly higher than the wheat held for four years(P<0.05).Experiment 2.Effect of different levels of stored wheat in the diet on the production performance of 21～63 days-old-goslingsIn the experiment,432 21-day-old Yangzhou goslings of the same batch were randomly divided into six treatment groups,with six replicates and 12 goslings in each group.The control group(group I)was fed with a corn-soybean meal(without stored wheat).In contrast,the treatment groups(groups Ⅱ,Ⅲ,Ⅳ,Ⅴ,and Ⅵ)were fed with diets with 12.4%,24.8%,37.2%,49.6%,and 62.0%stored wheat,respectively.These wheat corresponding to 0%,20%,40%,60%,80%and 100%of corn replacement in the rations.The results indicated that:(1)The level of stored wheat(0～62.0%)in all groups had no significant effect(P>0.05)on the body weight,ADG,ADFI,and F/G in the goslings.No significant difference(P>0.05)was observed in the performance-related body size indexes among the goslings of the six groups.(2)On d 42,The relative length of the jejunum in group Ⅱ was significantly lower than that in groups Ⅳ and Ⅵ,and the relative length of the ileum was considerably lower than that in groups Ⅳ,Ⅴ,and VI(P<0.05);the relative weight of duodenum in group Ⅰ was significantly lower than that in groups Ⅲ,Ⅴ and Ⅵ(P<0.05).The pH value of the myenteric stomach in group Ⅲ was significantly higher than the other five groups(P<0.05);the depth of the jejunal crypt in group Ⅱ was significantly higher than that in group Ⅳ,and the height of the ileal villi was considerably higher than that in groups Ⅰ,Ⅳ and Ⅴ(P<0.05);the thickness of the myenteric layer in group Ⅲ was significantly higher than that in groups Ⅰ,Ⅱ and Ⅴ(P<0.05).On d 63,the relative length of the jejunum in group Ⅵ was considerably lower than that in the other five groups(P<0.05);the height of the ileal villi in groupⅢ was significantly higher(P<0.05)than that in groups Ⅰ,Ⅴ,and Ⅵ;The thickness of the ileal muscle layer in Group Ⅳ was higher than that in Groups Ⅰ,Ⅱ,Ⅲ,and Ⅵ(P<0.05).(3)On d 42,duodenal chymotrypsin activity in group Ⅱ was significantly higher than that in groups Ⅰ,Ⅳ,Ⅴ,and Ⅵ;and jejunal chymotrypsin activity was considerably higher than that in other five groups(P<0.05);jejunal α-amylase in group Ⅵ was significantly higher than that in the other five groups(P<0.05);ilealα-amylase in groups Ⅴ and Ⅵ was considerably higher than that in groups Ⅱ andⅢ(P<0.05).On 42 d and 63 d,the pancreatic lipase,chymotrypsin,trypsin,and a-amylase were not significantly different among groups(P>0.05);jejunal chymotrypsin activity was considerably higher in group Ⅰ than in the other five groups(P<0.05).(4)On d 42,the total protein content in the serum was significantly lower in group Ⅲ than in groups Ⅱ,Ⅳ,and Ⅴ.The alkaline phosphatase content of group Ⅵwas considerably higher than that of groups Ⅰ,Ⅱ,Ⅳ,and Ⅴ.The total cholesterol content of group Ⅲ was significantly higher than that of the other five groups,and the total cholesterol content of groups Ⅱ,Ⅲ,and Ⅴ was considerably lower than that of groups Ⅰ and Ⅳ(P<0.05).On 63 d,the albumin content in the serum of group Ⅱ was significantly lower than that of groups Ⅲ and Ⅳ;and the creatinine content of groupⅡ was significantly higher than that of group Ⅲ.The creatinine content in group Ⅱwas significantly higher than in groups Ⅲ,Ⅳ,and Ⅴ.The uric acid content in groupⅥ was considerably higher than that in the other five groups(P<0.05).The IgA content in the serum of the goslings in groups Ⅳ and Ⅴ was significantly higher than in groups Ⅰ,Ⅱ,Ⅲ,and Ⅵ(P<0.05).(5)On d 63,the utilization rate of acidic detergent fiber in group Ⅵ was significantly lower than in groups Ⅲ,Ⅳ,and Ⅴ(P<0.05).The utilization rate of phosphorus in group Ⅵ was considerably lower than that in groups Ⅰ,Ⅱ,Ⅲ,and Ⅳ,and the utilization rate of starch in group Ⅵ was significantly lower than that in the other five groups(P<0.05).No significant difference was observed in the utilization rate of amino acids among all groups of goose rations at 63d(P>0.05).(6)The levels of stored wheat in the diet(0-62.0%)had no significant effect on the slaughter performance and organ index of 63d goslings(P>0.05);(7)There was a significant difference(P<0.05)between the level of stored wheat in the diet and the weight gain cost of 63d goslings,and the weight gain cost of goslings in groups Ⅳ,Ⅴ and Ⅵ was significantly lower than that in groups Ⅰ,Ⅱ andⅢ(P<0.05),among which the weight gain cost of goslings in group Ⅵ was the lowest.In conclusion,the stored wheat had high nutritional value under the conditions of this experiment.The mycotoxin contents of properly stored wheat stored for 1-4 years did not exceed the limits of the national standard.Storage time of 1-4 years did not affect wheat’s conventional nutritional composition and most of the amino acids content,whereas the non-starch polysaccharide content of wheat stored for three years decreased,and its utilization ratio by goslings increased.Using stored wheat without mycotoxin contamination in the ration could improve economic efficiency.Under the same nutritional level,replacing all corn in the feed with stored wheat had no negative impact on the production and slaughter performance of 21-63d goslings. |
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