Studies Of Innovative Institutions To Avoid Fragmented Rangeland Use

In the mid-1980s,affected by the historical background and the needs of social and economic development,China began to implement the grassland contract to household policy.Over the past 30 years,the implementation of the policy has played a positive role in promoting the social and economic development of pastoral areas.However,it can not be ignored that the problem of grassland fragmentation has become increasingly prominent,The fragmented use of grassland breaks the traditional grazing mode of sharing grassland and living by water and grass in pastoral communities,which weakens the ability of herdsmen to adapt to the heterogeneity of grassland,and has a certain negative impact on grassland ecology.In this regard,the opinions on strengthening the protection and restoration of grasslands issued by the general office of the State Council in 2021 also emphasizes the problem of narrow grassland area and sporadic distribution.At present,under the background of the separation of three rights,the circulation of grassland management right is regarded as an important way to solve the problem of fragmentation.Academia has actively discussed the grassland circulation,but there are disputes about the effectiveness and impact of grassland circulation.At the same time,our case studies and some recent studies began to find that there is an innovative management model of community self-organization in pastoral areas,of which the common is community-based grazing quota management,which may provide a new perspective for avoiding the fragmentation of grassland.Therefore,combined with the actual case investigation in the pastoral area of the Qinghai Tibet Plateau,the research questions this paper attempts to answer are:(1)what are the different impacts of "grassland circulation" and "community self-organized grassland management model" on Herdsmen’s livelihood and animal husbandry production respectively?(2)What is the property right mechanism behind "grassland circulation" and "community self-organized grassland management model" ?In order to deeply analyze the research problems proposed in this paper,this paper selects Ruoergai County,Sichuan Province as the research case point,and selects two case villages,including ax village as the case village with only "grassland circulation" and XR village as the case village with "community self-organized grassland management mode".This study adopts the methods of open interview,in-depth interview with typical characters and semi-structured questionnaire to obtain first-hand data.In the analysis process,combined with the intermediary utility model,the sustainable livelihood framework theory and sikor’s property right analysis theory,this paper analyzes the differences of herdsmen’s livelihood,animal husbandry production and the property right system behind the two grassland use systems,and finally obtains the following main conclusions:First,under the community self-organized grassland use system,the income sources of herdsmen are diversified,and the total income and net income per household are significantly higher than those of herdsmen using grassland circulation to integrate grassland herdsmen.Second,in terms of animal husbandry production,the case village adopting the community self-organized grassland use system has lower average livestock mortality and higher profit margin.Third,income diversity is an important factor affecting total income.A lower difficulty coefficient of animal husbandry production will have a positive effect on livestock mortality.Fourth,compared with grassland circulation,under the community self-organized grassland use system,herdsmen have more direct and indirect income rights to grassland resources,but the rules of the property right system will be more complex,and there is a lack of active or passive management rights of herdsmen.Therefore,the conclusion of this paper is: compared with grassland circulation,the community self-organized grassland use system created by herdsmen from bottom to top is more effective for herdsmen’s livelihood and animal husbandry production.However,because the grassland management mode of community self-organization faces more complex property right system management,herdsmen’s Grassland control may be damaged.In this regard,the policy suggestions put forward in this paper are: in solving the problem of broken use of grassland,it is necessary not only to emphasize the regulation of grassland circulation,but also to flexibly use the right to land management in the context of the separation of the three rights,encourage the community cooperation system,and realize the standardization of the management model through local governments and other "third parties" to protect the relevant rights and interests of herders in the process of grassland resource utilization and management.