| The 14 th Five Year Plan period is a strategic opportunity period and key transformation period for the reform and development of grassland animal husbandry.During this period,development opportunities and challenges coexist.The development of grassland animal husbandry should focus on new requirements and meet new challenges.Under the background of comprehensively promoting rural revitalization,the proposal of moderate scale management has made clear the direction and requirements for the development of grassland animal husbandry in China in the new era.Based on the current basic national conditions of China,appropriate scale management is an important mode to ensure the sustainable and healthy development of grassland animal husbandry and increase the income of herdsmen.It is an effective way to optimize the management pattern of animal husbandry at the present stage and speed up the circulation of grassland.It is an important management mode to promote the optimal allocation of production factors such as grassland,labor force and capital and realize the increasing return to scale.Since the reform and opening up,grassland animal husbandry has developed rapidly and the total output value of animal husbandry has increased rapidly.In 2020,the total output value of animal husbandry will reach 4026.627 billion yuan and the total output of meat will reach 77.484 million tons.The level of large-scale breeding has been steadily promoted.There are 402755 large-scale farmers with more than 100 mutton sheep,accounting for37.14%,an increase of 3.6 percentage points year-on-year.The mechanization rate of animal husbandry reached 35.8%,7.2 percentage points higher than that in 2015.The level of production technology has been significantly improved.The average slaughter weight of beef cattle in grassland pastoral areas has been in the forefront of the world,reaching about700 kg.The average carcass weight of mutton sheep reached 15 kg,an increase of 1percentage point year-on-year;New breeds of beef cattle and mutton sheep have been continuously bred and the breeding system of improved breeds has been gradually improved.The level of industrialization has been significantly improved,and new production and operation entities such as cooperatives,family pastures and leading enterprises are emerging.The ecological environment has been improved.In order to promote the sustainable development of grassland animal husbandry,the implementation of grass animal balance,grazing prohibition and rest system has been strengthened,and supporting measures such as artificial grass planting,forage improvement and livestock improvement have been steadily implemented.The vigorous development of grassland animal husbandry has made important contributions to improving residents’ dietary nutrition,ensuring the supply of national livestock products and maintaining social stability and national unity in the border areas.The highly dispersed and fragmented business model has encountered difficulties and is difficult to meet the development requirements of productivity in grassland and pastoral areas.There are many problems,such as small scale,complex environment,extensive management,mixed living of human and livestock,insufficient labor force,backward technology and weak ability to deal with risks.However,in order to maximize benefits,overloading is common,which leads to the deterioration of grassland ecological environment and frequent natural disasters.In addition,facing the realistic dilemma of tight resources,the operating costs of herdsmen are rising year by year,the growth rate of income is slowing down,the comprehensive production capacity is not high,and the effect of economies of scale cannot be realized.The management pattern of traditional animal husbandry can not be organically connected with modern animal husbandry.The fundamental solution to the contradiction between "small herdsmen and large market" and "small-scale and modernization" lies in changing the old mode of decentralized management of herdsmen and vigorously promoting the appropriate scale operation of grassland animal husbandry.Focusing on the research theme of "moderate scale management" of herdsmen,this study determines the specific research direction on the basis of combing the relevant literature in this field at home and abroad.Through the elaboration of relevant concepts,it is clear that the concept of moderate scale management of grassland animal husbandry is comprehensive and dynamic.Moderate scale operation of grassland animal husbandry refers to the operation mode in which herdsmen operate in an efficient combination of various production factors such as labor resources,grassland,capital and information under the premise of unchanged production technology and social environment,and obtain the best business benefits.After clarifying the core concepts of this study,combined with the theory of economies of scale,the theory of production factor endowment,the theory of farmers’ behavior and the theory of agricultural appropriate scale management,this study constructs the research framework of the full text.This study uses the macro data of animal husbandry to carry out multi-dimensional comparative analysis,introduces the development achievements and bottlenecks of grassland animal husbandry in Inner Mongolia,expounds the important position of grassland animal husbandry in Xilin Gol League in the whole region,and analyzes and summarizes the questionnaire design and the basic situation of sample households.On this basis,based on the survey data of herdsmen in Xilin Gol League,combined with generalized linear regression model,generalized moment estimation model,Three-stage DEA model,OLS regression,quantile regression model,entropy weight method and threshold model,this study explores the following three aspects from the micro level.First,reveal the influencing factors of business scale.Second,depict the change curve of herdsmen’s comprehensive technical efficiency and management benefit at different scale levels,and verify the role of management scale on efficiency and benefit.Third,this study chooses the coordinated development of comprehensive technical efficiency and management efficiency as the goal constraint,discusses and determines the optimal breeding quantity of livestock,grassland area,labor force and capital investment in herdsmen’s management,scientifically measures the "moderation" problem,and creates a model of animal husbandry with appropriate scale management.Finally,it summarizes the research conclusions and provides policy suggestions for promoting the appropriate scale management of grassland animal husbandry and realizing the "win-win" goal of increasing animal husbandry efficiency and herdsmen’s income.The main conclusions of this study are as follows:(1)The livestock breeding scale of grassland herdsmen is significantly affected by factor endowments,management level,family characteristics and personal characteristics of herdsmen.Specifically,pasture area,labor force,capital input,average breeding income,proportion of livestock income,whether or not part-time jobs,lending behavior,livestock mortality,and household head education level all have an impact on herd size.Moreover,among the above influencing factors,the influence of variables such as grassland area,labor force and capital on the herd size is "inverted U-shaped".The effects of the above variables on the herd size of herdsmen at different scale levels are all significant,and the degree of influence has scale heterogeneity according to the regression coefficient.(2)Subsidy income played a mediating role in the effect of pasture contracted area on herd size.In the mediation model composed of grassland area,subsidy income and herd size,the average operating income of herdsmen can adjust the direct path and the second half path in the mediation model.(3)There is redundancy in the input of production factors in the operation process.The comprehensive technical efficiency of most sample households is low,and about 98.54% of sample households are in the state of weak DEA efficiency or DEA ineffectiveness.The operation of herdsmen is in the stage of increasing returns to scale.Moderately increasing factor investment can help herdsmen obtain more rich benefits,promote herdsmen to gradually turn to moderate scale operation,and help to improve the level of efficiency.(4)With the gradual expansion of the herd scale,the comprehensive technical efficiency and operational efficiency of the sample households showed an "inverted Ushaped" trend,and the results are still stable after dealing with endogenous problems.This study proves that there is a certain range of animal husbandry efficiency but not income,indicating that in a certain range of livestock breeding scale,the comprehensive technical efficiency of animal husbandry is on the rise,but the operating efficiency of herdsmen is on the decline.Herd size has a significant effect on comprehensive technical efficiency and management efficiency,and the results are still significant after dealing with endogenous problems.(5)Constrained by the goal of coordinated development of the comprehensive technical efficiency of animal husbandry and the operational benefits of herdsmen,the optimal herd size level is 894 sheep units,the labor input is 2.79 persons/household,and the optimal capital input should be 63949￥,the input of grassland should be 11275 mu/household.According to the above research conclusions,this thesis puts forward the following policy suggestions in order to reasonably guide herdsmen to realize the moderate scale management of grassland animal husbandry:(1)Improve the grassland circulation system to help the large-scale management of grassland.(2)Optimize financial and credit policies and ease the financial constraints of herdsmen.(3)Strengthen the construction of service system and enhance the ability of service supply.(4)Deepen the degree of organization of herdsmen and improve the level of operation and management. |
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