Research On The Manufacturing Technology Of Red-barbarian Cannon In The Late Ming Dynasty And The Social Reasons For Its Spread To China

China is an ancient civilization that invented gunpowder and first used firearms in war.Since the end of the Tang Dynasty,gunpowder has been used in the military field for the first time.Until the middle of the Ming Dynasty,China’s firearms technology was still in the leading position in the world.However,it is worth noting that the development of firearms technology gradually stagnated in the middle of the Ming Dynasty due to the emphasis on the inheritance of experience while ignoring the characteristics of theoretical research,and firearms technology began to fall behind the western countries.Since the establishment of the Ming Dynasty,the situation in the northern frontier has always been in a state of confrontation and tension.With the passage of time,the Ming government has been increasingly struggling to cope with the situation in the northern frontier,resulting in the deterioration of the situation in the northern frontier,and even the "Gengxu Change" and "Self Change" threatening the capital.Although weapons are not the only factor for the victory or defeat of the war,the introduction of weapons has a great impact on the war process when the national structure and military factors cannot be adjusted in the short term.Therefore,in order to change the situation of the northern border crisis,the Ming government introduced more advanced Red-barbarian cannons and supporting measures from overseas,and applied them to the battlefield,which even became one of the key factors for the victory of Ningyuan and Ningjin,and affected the political process of the late Ming Dynasty.This paper is based on a large number of documents,through comparative analysis and comprehensive research.This paper summarizes the background of the introduction of the Red-barbarian Cannon from the social,economic,political and cultural aspects,and on this basis,combs the process of its spread to China,thus dividing the stage of its spread to China into the brewing period;Early introduction and application;Apply three different development periods in the late stage and analyze the characteristics of the three periods.Then from the choice of the casting site of the Red-barbarian Cannon;The construction of the casting platform;Determination of casting parameters;Selection of materials and fuels;Fabrication of moulds,moulds and cores;Copper melting and casting;Post-casting processing;The casting process and manufacturing characteristics of the Red-barbarian Cannon are comprehensively sorted out from the aspects of the improvement of the pellet and powder ratio.Then by comparing the Red-barbarian Cannon with the firearm technology before its introduction,the technical characteristics and advantages of Red-barbarian Cannon are analyzed to highlight the necessity of its introduction.Since the introduction of the Red-barbarian Cannon has profound social reasons,this paper tries to analyze it from economic,cultural and political factors.After the middle of the Ming Dynasty,the Ming government took the interaction between the policy adjustment and the development of the southern economic region as the starting point,promoted the artisan system,the monetary settlement method and the silver monetization reform process,as well as the adjustment of the financial system and the increase of the fiscal and tax limits,which were the economic reasons for the introduction of the Red-barbarian cannon.After the formation of the economic development model in the south of the Ming Dynasty,the rise of towns and the civil class led to the multicultural form of openness,and people were able to accept more foreign cultures,which was the cultural reason for the introduction of the Red-barbarian Cannon.After the examinees passed the imperial examination,the high school scholars who were deeply influenced by multiculturalism influenced the policies made by the political decision-making level in the way of entering an official position,resulting in a direct impact of political decision-making on the spread of the Red-barbarian Cannon to China.Among them,the influence of the association organization,the war demand and the adjustment of the official system have become the direct political reasons that affect the spread of the Red-barbarian Cannon to China.From this point of view,I hope to expand the field of technology sociology.The historical facts of the spread of the Red-barbarian Cannon to China reveal that the impact on the introduction of technology is the result of the joint action of multiple factors,and often a small change in the initial behavior can trigger changes in the entire system.This change began with economic reasons.From the perspective of social constructivism,the gradual prosperity of the economy has led to a gradual increase in the degree of openness to the outside world,forming an open cultural form and environment,and promoting political change.Economic,cultural and political factors often become important links(nodes)of the system to participate in the introduction of technology."Node" and "node" are conditions for mutual development.Through mutual competition,blending and collision,they eventually become an important driving force for the development of the system.The case of the initiative of the Ming government to introduce the Red-barbarian Cannon enlightens us to realize that the introduction and application of chips in China today also have the same practical significance,which is not only related to the requirements of the side supply reform put forward by the Party Central Committee,but also related to the reform and opening up and national political security.Through the analysis of the introduction of the Red-barbarian Cannon and the experience of the introduction of technology,we hope to better serve the socialist modernization with Chinese characteristics.