Spatial Evolution,mechanism And Characteristics Of Playgrouds In American Cities

The official implementation of the "Three-Child" policy marks a new growth in the number of newborns in China,which has brought great challenges to the construction of child friendly spaces and facilities.The introduction of the "Double Reduction" policy has increased children’s after-school time.How to enrich children’s after-school life with positive and healthy activities has become an important social issue.Based on this,China’s big cities led by Shenzhen and Changsha have also carried out a series of explorations for Child-Friendly Cities.With the attention paid by Chinese society to Child-Friendly Cities,the development of playground has also attracted much attention,and various laws and policies have been issued for this purpose.The construction of spatial characteristics of playground is gradually in line with international standards,and has become more standardized and patterned under the support of various laws and guidelines.In order to further improve the spatial model of Chinese playground,this paper combs and studies the development process,dynamic mechanism and spatial characteristics of American playground,and puts forward the corresponding reference and enlightenment.This paper mainly studies from the following three aspects:Firstly,it divides the evolution process of the playground from 1886 to now.Based on the social background of urbanization level,environmental background,economic level,institutions and associations,and combined with the renewal of the spatial characteristics of playground and the transformation of game facilities in different periods,the evolution process of its spatial form is divided into four stages:germination,stagnation,reform and modernization,and the spatial characteristics of each stage are summarized and condensed.Secondly,it analyzes the dynamic mechanism of the formation of American playground space.The research traces its formation mechanism from different angles and finds that the development of the playground is inseparable from the change of social thought,the guidance of policies and regulations,the development of science and technology and the needs of human activities.Therefore,the dynamic mechanism is summarized as the change of social thought to promote the rapid development of the playground,and the introduction of regulations and guidelines to ensure the spatial norms of the playground,The innovation of facility materials enriches the change and differentiation of playground facility modeling and design concept.There are four parts with a variety of playground.Finally,taking Boston as an example,this paper studies the current situation and spatial characteristics of American playgrounds.First,the characteristics of system layout are studied from three aspects: distribution,scale and site selection.It is found that the distribution of playgrounds focuses on the average service scope rather than the average number of people,and is located in public spaces such as schools,residential areas and parks.The second is the internal spatial layout characteristics.From the three aspects of function,transportation and landscape,it is found that the playground has various functions.The pedestrian and vehicle entrances and exits are usually located near the internal functional zones and directly connected with the roads.The internal landscape design is mainly composed of vegetation,water and terrain elements.The third is the design of various facilities,summarizing the characteristics of game facilities,safety facilities,rest facilities and logo facilities.It is found that the playground provides personalized game facilities according to the needs of children of different ages.The safety facilities are properly arranged and regularly maintained,and the rest and logo facilities are perfect.Based on the research on American playgrounds in the above three aspects,this paper summarizes the experience and lessons,constructs the playgrounds space model,and provides strategies for the construction of playgrounds in China,hoping to help the development of children’s friendly city environment in China.